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- Title
- EMAT DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS AND SOFTWARE-DEFINED ULTRASONIC COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH METALLIC CHANNELS IN NUCLEAR FACILITIES
- Creator
- Huang, Xin
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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Nuclear facilities are partitioned into different blocks, and all equipment therein is well-packed for isolation purposes. The primary...
Show moreNuclear facilities are partitioned into different blocks, and all equipment therein is well-packed for isolation purposes. The primary barriers of each block include a thick, reinforced, high-strength concrete wall. The presence of physical boundaries introduces a major challenge to implementing wired or radio frequency (RF) wireless communication. Achieving data communication through the solids channel, especially considering the complex environment in nuclear power plants, is very challenging. Ultrasonic communication is a desirable method for information transfer through solid mediums such as metallic bars or pipes. This thesis is methodologically innovative in the way it seeks the best solution for ultrasonic communications through metallic channels. Therefore, we address the following research areas: 1. The advantages of using electrical-magnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) as transmitter and receiver; 2. The fundamentals of the EMAT structure and wave generation mechanism for ultrasonic communications; 3. The channel model and behavior of ultrasonic wave propagation in a different structure of solid channels; 4. How to minimize the adverse impact of wave dispersion and reverberation; 5. How to increase the bitrate and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of an ultrasonic communication system; 6. How to utilize the software-defined system-on-chip (SoC) platform for ultrasonic communications; and 7. How to implement secure ultrasonic video transmission through solid channels. In this thesis, we have investigated the feasibility of using Periodic-permanent-magnet electromagnetic acoustic transducers (PPM-EMATs) transmitter and receiver as the information-bearing of ultrasonic waves across the plate channels (shear horizontal waves) and pipe channels (torsional waves). Methods such as time-reversal (TR), pulse shaping, and adaptive equalizer techniques are studied for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ultrasonic communication systems. We also investigated a novel software-defined ultrasonic communication system (SDUC) for real-time video transmission through a highly reverberant and dispersive metallic bar channel. Furthermore, we investigated the feasibility of combining orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with quadrature amplitude modulations (QAM) for bitrate peak performance. Strategies and guidelines were established for the best solutions to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the severe reverberation inherent in metallic channels. A practical solution for video transmission, adhering to the Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard, was also examined for video streaming transmission of 240p, 480p, and 720p resolutions at 20 frames per second (FPS) across a rectangular aluminum bar (ARB) channel. Through ultrasonic experimental studies for channel analysis, we achieved a peak video transmission rate of 1074 kbps with 3.3×10-4 BER despite reverberation, the multipath effect, and signal fading within the ARB channel.
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- Title
- Advances in Distribution System State Estimation
- Creator
- Huang, Jianqiao
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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With the increasing penetration of renewable energy in the distribution system, the system states are becoming more volatile. How to maintain...
Show moreWith the increasing penetration of renewable energy in the distribution system, the system states are becoming more volatile. How to maintain the normal operation is an urgent question to the operators. Distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is the key to the monitor and control of distribution systems.Distribution systems feature a larger number of nodes and heterogeneous measurements. Due to these features, directly employing traditional state estimation methods cannot provide fast and accurate estimation results. The existing semidefinite programming based methods show promising for the accuracy, but it is not scalable for a large system. In this thesis, we propose fast and accurate DSSE methods. First, we improve the efficiency of the state-of-art SDP-DSSE method, convex iteration (CI) method. We design a scalable convex iteration method, CDQC, by fully exploiting the radial topology of distribution system. However, the efficiency of CDQC depends on efficient feeder partition solution. It is time-consuming to get a good partition especially when the system is large. Hence, we propose a bus injection based semidefinite relaxation method (SDR-BIM) that fully exploits the radial topology of the network without the need for partitioning the networks. However, SDR-BIM has numerical issue for large scale network. This motivates us to design a branch power model based SDR-DSSE method. The proposed SDR-BPM-DSSE method improves the numerical stability and the increase in the average estimation error of voltage is less than $0.04\%$. To further improve the computational efficiency, we developed a generalized linear power flow model (GLDF) and propose an iterative method to solve the DSSE based on GLDF.Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methods are validated on IEEE 13-bus, 37-bus, 123-bus, and 8500-node test feeders.
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- Title
- Active Load Control in a Synchronized and Democratized (SYNDEM) Smart Grid
- Creator
- Lv, Zijun
- Date
- 2021
- Description
-
Smart grid is envisioned to take advantage of modern information and communication technologies in achieving a more intelligent grid in order...
Show moreSmart grid is envisioned to take advantage of modern information and communication technologies in achieving a more intelligent grid in order to facilitate: Integration of renewable resources; Integration of all types of energy storage; Two-way communication between the consumer and utility so that end users can actively participate. The Synchronized and Democratized (SYNDEM) smart grid is regarded as the next generation smart grid. The objective of the SYNDEM smart grid is for all active players in a grid, large or small, conventional or renewable, supplying or consuming, to be able to equally and laterally regulate the grid in a synchronous manner to enhance the stability, reliability, and resiliency of future power systems. In a SYNDEM smart grid, power electronic converters are controlled to behave as conventional synchronous machines. Such converters are called virtual synchronous machines (VSMs).Following the SYNDEM structure, this thesis mainly focuses on developing the VSM technology for the automatic grid regulation at the demand side. The major aim and objective is to achieve active or intelligent loads that can flexibly and automatically take part in grid regulation. Moreover, the active load is expected to have similar grid regulation behavior as other active players in the grid, for e.g., renewable generations. To achieve this, a droop-controlled rectifier is proposed that acts as a general interface for a load to grid. The rectifier is controlled as a VSM so that a load equipped with such a rectifier can take part in grid regulation continuously like a traditional synchronous machine. Such a rectifier has a built-in storage port, in addition to the normal AC and DC ports. The flexibility required by the AC port to support the grid is provided by the storage port. The DC-bus voltage of the storage port is able to fluctuate with in a wide range to exchange energy with the grid.In order to further take use of the energy in the storage port (DC-bus capacitor) of a rectifier more reasonably and increase the support time to grid, an adaptive droop mechanism is proposed. Under such a droop mechanism, the rectifier can automatically change the power consumed according to the grid voltage variations as well as its potential to provide grid support. To achieve this, a flexibility coefficient is introduced to indicate the power flexibility level of the DC-bus capacitor. Then this flexibility coefficient is embedded into the universal droop controller (UDC) to make it adaptive. Hence, the adaptive droop controller has a changing droop coefficient corresponding to the power flexibility of a rectifier, so it can take advantage of the energy stored in its DC-bus capacitor wisely to support the grid. This droop controller can also be applied into connection between two SYNDEM smart grids. To achieve this, a grid bridge (GB) that enables autonomous and equal regulation between two SYNDEM grids is proposed. The real power transferred through a GB has linear relationship with the voltage deviation between the two micro-grids connected. The micro-grid with a higher voltage will automatically provide power to the lower one. Moreover, the power direction of a GB is bidirectional and determined by the grid voltage difference, this makes the two micro-grids equal to each other. The GB is physically a back-to-back converter. In order to achieve autonomous and equal regulation, both sides of the back-to-back converter are controlled under droop controller with the same droop coefficients. The VSM control technology is also developed to control Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) for high voltage applications. Like active loads introduced above, the MMCs can take part in the grid regulation according to the droop mechanism designed. In order to eliminate the circulating current that exists in MMCs, proportional-resonant (PR) controllers are adopted to inject second-order harmonics to the MMCs to suppress the second order circulating current. The dynamics, implementation and operation of the VSM-like MMC are introduced and analyzed. Particularly, how the VSM control algorithm works with the circulating current control in MMCs is presented. An IIT SYNDEM Smart Grid Testbed is built in an aim of achieving a minimize realization of the SYNDEM system. Extensive experiments are done on the system to show the operational scenarios when the proposed active loads are integrated in the system. There are in total eight nodes in the IIT SYNDEM testbed, which contains two utility grids, one AC load, one DC load, two solar farms and two wind farms. All the nodes are connected to a local grid through VSMs, so that they can take part in the local grid regulations in similar ways. The IIT SYNDEM Smart Grid Testbed is described in details and experimental results are provided to show the dynamic and steady performance of the IIT SYNDEM smart grid.
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- Title
- Video Object Detection using CenterNet
- Creator
- Mondal, Madhusree
- Date
- 2021
- Description
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This thesis investigates the options of video object detection with key-point-based approaches. The problem of recognizing, locating, and...
Show moreThis thesis investigates the options of video object detection with key-point-based approaches. The problem of recognizing, locating, and tracking objects in videos has been a challenging task in the computer vision area. There are few applications on key-point-based object detectors like CornerNet and CenterNet. At the first stage, this work involves the use of the previously proposed CenterNet module as a baseline detector on each frame of the Imagenet Video dataset. Then we apply an RNN module to exploit the temporal information from the past frames for better results.There are challenges in video object detection compared to still image-based object detection. It is not efficient to apply a still-image-based detector on each frame independently because we cannot exploit the temporal contextual information in videos since neighboring frames in a video are highly correlated. Object detection from videos suffers from motion blur, video focus, rare poses, etc. To overcome these issues one way of improving CenterNet for video object detection is to propagate the previous reliable detection results to boost the detection performance.
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- Title
- DEEP LEARNING IMAGE-DENOISING FOR IMPROVING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY IN CARDIAC SPECT
- Creator
- Liu, Junchi
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a noninvasive imaging modality widely utilized...
Show moreMyocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a noninvasive imaging modality widely utilized for diagnosis of coronary artery diseases (CAD) in nuclear medicine. Because of the concern of potential radiation risks, the imaging dose administered to patients is limited in SPECT-MPI. Due to the low count statistics in acquired data, SPECT images can suffer from high levels of noise. In this study, we investigate the potential benefit of applying deep learning (DL) techniques for denoising in SPECT-MPI studies. Owing to the lack of ground truth in clinical studies, we adopt a noise-to-noise (N2N) training approach for denoising in full-dose studies. Afterwards, we investigate the benefit of applying N2N DL on reduced-dose studies to improve the detection accuracy of perfusion defects. To address the great variability in noise level among different subjects, we propose a scheme to account for the inter-subject variabilities in training a DL denoising network to improve its generalizability. In addition, we propose a dose-blind training approach for denoising at multiple reduced-dose levels. Moreover, we investigate several training schemes to address the issue that defect and non-defect image regions are highly unbalanced in a data set, where the overwhelming majority by non-defect regions tends to have a more pronounced contribution to the conventional loss function. We investigate whether these training schemes can effectively improve preservation of perfusion defects and yield better defect detection accuracy. In the experiments we demonstrated the proposed approaches with a set of 895 clinical acquisitions. The results show promising performance in denoising and improving the detectability of perfusion-defects with the proposed approaches.
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- Title
- Control and Operation of Microgrids and Networked Microgrids
- Creator
- Sheikholeslami, Mehrdad
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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This dissertation presents the practical operation and control of microgrids and networked microgrids, particularly, the networked IIT Campus...
Show moreThis dissertation presents the practical operation and control of microgrids and networked microgrids, particularly, the networked IIT Campus Microgrid (ICM) and Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM). Microgrids (MGs) provide a potential solution to accommodating renewable and distributed energy resources (DERs). MGs and the networked form of MGs, i.e., networked microgrids or NMGs, have received significant attention in the past two decades. However, several details are often neglected in the literature that need to be considered for the practical operations of MGs and NMGs. First, there is a need for a step-by-step sequence of operations (SOO) that clearly defines the procedures for changing the operation modes of MGs and NMGs for their reliable and resilient operation. Second, there is a need to develop new control strategies for the centralized and distributed control of MGs and NMGs that are resilient to extreme events and are also more sustainable than the ones available in the literature. Third, there is a need for developing the model of MGs and NMGs in a real-time simulator to safely evaluate the performance of the control and operation of MGs and NMGs. Finally, to close the engineering loop, there is a need to connect the digital and physical layers which are known as digital twins. This dissertation proposes solutions for these four requirements and presents results to evaluate the performance of the proposed solutions. First, an SOO is proposed to enable the reliable and safe transition between different microgrid operation modes. The proposed SOO is adaptable to any MG and NMG with minor modifications. Second, for the centralized control, a DER control model is proposed that allows for the regulated power exchange between networked MGs to ensure information privacy and respect the electrical boundary of each MG. For the distributed control, two control schemes are proposed that are resilient to extreme cases, allow the integration of renewable energy resources (RES), and require the minimum intervention of the operators. Third, several techniques are proposed that can be adopted for developing the real-time models of MGs and NMGs. Finally, as a proof of concept, a digital twin of a microgrid with connections between the physical and digital layers is implemented and tested. The IIT Campus Microgrid (ICM) and Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM), as well as their networked form (networked ICM-BCM), are selected as the practical testbeds and are modeled in Real-time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The RTDS model is interfaced with microgrid master controllers (MMC) for real-time data exchange and the performance of the MMCs and the distributed control strategies are tested to illustrate the importance of adopted methods in the real-time control of MGs and NMGs. Finally, a proof of concept for the digital twin of ICM is presented.
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- Title
- WIDE BANDGAP FRACTIONAL POWER PROCESSING
- Creator
- Kundu, Aritra
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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The adoption of wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors can improve the performance of power converters at the expense of significantly higher...
Show moreThe adoption of wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors can improve the performance of power converters at the expense of significantly higher cost than Si at present time. In this thesis, an innovative Wide bandgap Fractional Power Processing (WFPP) design concept is introduced where silicon devices process the base power at a low switching frequency (2kHz or lower) while WBG devices are judiciously used to process only a fraction of the total power at a much higher frequency (tens of kHz). WFPP inverter is a design concept that splits the power processing into a low frequency Si base power processor and a high-frequency WBG fractional power processor. WBG devices are therefore judiciously used to process only a fraction of the total power to achieve both high-efficiency and lower cost than a full-WBG converter design. This thesis investigates an optimization strategy to minimize the total power loss while maintaining a reasonable THD and cost for a hybrid inverter design with comprehensive power loss analysis and calculation on fundamental and harmonics currents. Optimal selection of power sharing between the Si and WBG inverters and switching frequency are discussed in the thesis. The circulating current paths in topology with hybrid switching frequencies are also analyzed and presented in this thesis. Experimental results on a 9kW SiC/Si hybrid inverter prototype with isolated and non-isolated DC power supplies are presented to validate the design concept.
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- Title
- ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATE ROTOR TEMPERATURE IN SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
- Creator
- Koujalagi, Shweta Manohar
- Date
- 2022
- Description
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Motors contribute most of the loads. Motors find major applications in automobile industries, household appliances, industrial equipment, and...
Show moreMotors contribute most of the loads. Motors find major applications in automobile industries, household appliances, industrial equipment, and other areas. With the time, engineers and industries found some of the drawbacks or disadvantages of using induction motors in certain applications. They started developing other types of motors that are more efficient than existing ones. Among those, switched reluctance motor, referred as SRM is the one. SRMs are simple in construction, rugged and highly efficient motors.Even though SRM has higher efficiency, it still contribute some losses in the form of heat which will increase the temperature of SRM. If the temperature increases beyond certain limit, cable insulation fails, degrades rotor capability of aligning characteristics, damages bearings, etc. Therefore, it is important to understand the flow of heat in SRM. This thesis focuses on heat transfer analysis from stator coil to rotor of SRM using analytical method and numerical method such as finite element analysis from available coil temperature without using any kind of sensors. Analytical and FEA models are built separately to obtained rotor temperatures at various coil temperatures and rotor speeds. Finally, analytical results are validated with FEA model results. Therefore, once the rotor temperature is estimated accurately, model can be implemented in automotive and other industrial applications to continuously monitor the rotor temperature. It is important to monitor temperature to avoid damage of SRM by thermal effects.
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- Title
- Large Language Model Based Machine Learning Techniques for Fake News Detection
- Creator
- Chen, Pin-Chien
- Date
- 2024
- Description
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With advanced technology, it’s widely recognized that everyone owns one or more personal devices. Consequently, people are evolving into...
Show moreWith advanced technology, it’s widely recognized that everyone owns one or more personal devices. Consequently, people are evolving into content creators on social media or the streaming platforms sharing their personal ideas regardless of their education or expertise level. Distinguishing fake news is becoming increasingly crucial. However, the recent research only presents comparisons of detecting fake news between one or more models across different datasets. In this work, we applied Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques with Naïve Bayes and DistilBERT machine learning method combing and augmenting four datasets. The results show that the balanced accuracy is higher than the average in the recent studies. This suggests that our approach holds for improving fake news detection in the era of widespread content creation.
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- Title
- Improving self-supervised monocular depth estimation from videos using forward and backward consistency
- Creator
- Shen, Hui
- Date
- 2020
- Description
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Recently, there has been a rapid development in monocular depth estimation based on self-supervised learning. However, these existing self...
Show moreRecently, there has been a rapid development in monocular depth estimation based on self-supervised learning. However, these existing self-supervised learning methods are insufficient for estimating motion objects, occlusions, and large static areas. Uncertainty or vanishing easily occurs during depth inferencing. To address this problem, the model proposed in this thesis further explores the consistency in video and builds a multi-frame model for depth estimation; secondly, by taking advantage of the optical flow, a motion mask is generated, with additional photometric loss applied for those masked regions. Experiments are carried out on the KITTI dataset. The proposed model performs better than the baseline model in quantitative results, and as seen from the depth map, the scale uncertainty and depth incomplete situations are improved in motion objects and occlusions explicitly.
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- Title
- LOW-DOSE CARDIAC SPECT USING POST-FILTERING, DEEP LEARNING, AND MOTION CORRECTION
- Creator
- Song, Chao
- Date
- 2019
- Description
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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an important technique in use today for the detection and evaluation of coronary artery...
Show moreSingle photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an important technique in use today for the detection and evaluation of coronary artery diseases. The image quality in cardiac SPECT can be adversely affected by cardiac motion and respiratory motion, both of which can lead to motion blur and non-uniform heart wall. In this thesis, we mainly investigate imaging de-noising algorithms and motion correction methods for improving the image quality in cardiac SPECT on both standard dose and reduced dose.First, we investigate a spatiotemporal post-processing approach based on a non-local means (NLM) filter for suppressing the noise in cardiac-gated SPECT images. Since in recent years low-dose studies have gained increased attention in cardiac SPECT owing to its potential radiation risk, to further improve the image quality on reduced dose, we investigate a novel de-noising method for low-dose cardiac-gated SPECT by using a three dimensional residual convolutional neural network (CNN). Furthermore, to reduce the negative effect of respiratory-binned acquisitions and assess the benefit of this approach in both standard dose and reduced dose using simulated acquisitions. Inspired by the success in respiratory correction, we investigate the potential benefit of cardiac motion correction for improving the detectability of perfusion defects. Finally, to combine the benefit of above two types of motion correction, dual-gated data acquisitions are implemented, wherein the acquired list-mode data are further binned into a number of intervals within cardiac and respiratory cycle according to the electrocardiography (ECG) signal and amplitude of the respiratory motion.
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- Title
- Large-Signal Transient Stability and Control of Inverter-Based Resources
- Creator
- Wang, Duo
- Date
- 2024
- Description
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Renewable generation, including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, type 3 and 4 wind turbine generation systems (WTG), battery energy storage...
Show moreRenewable generation, including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, type 3 and 4 wind turbine generation systems (WTG), battery energy storage systems (BESS), as well as high voltage direct current (HVDC) and flexible alternating current (FACT) transmission system devices with increasing penetration level are being connected to the bulk power systems (BPS) via power electronic (PE) converters as the interface, referred to as the inverter-based resources (IBRs) on the transmission and sub-transmission levels or distributed energy resources (DERs) located on the distribution level. The IBR is almost entirely defined by the control algorithms and found to be more prone to experiencing large disturbances due to the lack of the conventional synchronous machine (SM) intrinsic synchronous characteristics and mechanical inertia, as well as being in smaller capacity sizes. Thus, these reasons motivate this dissertation to study the large-signal transient stability and control of IBRs for reliable grid integration and rapid grid transformation. For large-signal stability analysis methods, Lyapunov-based methods are the fundamental theory used to characterize the stability issues with analytical solutions, although other non-Lyapunov methods could also be very helpful. A main difficulty hindering the widespread adoption of the Lyapunov stability analysis method is the difficulty of finding the proper Lyapunov function candidate for a higher dimensional nonlinear system. The Port-Hamiltonian (PH) nonlinear control theory is explored in this dissertation as a promising theoretical framework solution addressing this challenging issue. A PH-based tracking and robust control method is proposed to facilitate the practical application of the PH framework in IBR controls. In addition, considering the typical grid-forming (GFM) IBR control with a first-order low pass filter (LPF) block is usually involved with control saturation function for protection purposes under abnormal operating conditions with anti-windup issue in practical implementation, a PH-based bounded LPF (PH-BLPF) control is proposed to incorporate this in the large-signal PH interconnection modeling framework while preserving the robust tracking Lyapunov stability with improved transient dynamic performance and stability margin.Moreover, specific real-world transient synchronization stability issues, such as the grid voltage large fault disturbance case, are studied. In addition, to meet the recent emerging IBR grid code requirements, such as the current magnitude limitation, grid support function, and fault recovery capability of GFM-VSCs, a virtual impedance-based current-limiting GFM control with enhanced transient stability and grid support is proposed.
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- Title
- Empowering Visually Impaired Individuals With Holistic Assistance Using Real-Time Spatial Awareness System
- Creator
- Yu, Xinrui
- Date
- 2024
- Description
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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life opens unprecedented avenues for enhancing the experiences of visually impaired...
Show moreThe integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life opens unprecedented avenues for enhancing the experiences of visually impaired individuals, offering them greater autonomy and quality of life. This thesis introduces a Visually Impaired Spatial Awareness (VISA) system designed to assist visually impaired individuals holistically through a structured approach. At the foundational level, the VISA system incorporates several key technologies to interpret the surroundings and assist in basic navigation tasks. It utilizes Augmented Reality (AR) markers to facilitate recognition of places and aid in navigation, employs neural network models for advanced object detection and tracking, and leverages depth information for accurate object localization. Progressing to the intermediate level, the VISA system integrates the data obtained from object detection and depth sensing to assist in more complex navigational tasks such as obstacle avoidance and pathfinding toward a desired destination. At the advanced level, the VISA system synthesizes the capabilities developed at the foundational and intermediate levels to enhance the spatial awareness of visually impaired users, allowing them to undertake complex tasks, such as navigating complex environments and locating specific items. The VISA system also emphasizes efficient human-machine interaction, incorporating text-to-speech and speech-to-text technologies to facilitate natural and intuitive communication between the user and the system. The VISA system's performance was evaluated in different environments simulating real-world scenarios. The experimental results show that the user can interact with our system intuitively with minimal effort, and affirm that the VISA system can effectively assist the visually impaired user in locating and reaching for objects, navigating indoors, identifying merchandise, and recognizing both handwritten and printed texts.
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- Title
- Adaptive Learning Approach of a Domain-Aware CNN-Based Model Observer
- Creator
- Bogdanovic, Nebojsa
- Date
- 2023
- Description
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Application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for performing defect detection tasks and their use as model observers (MO) has become...
Show moreApplication of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for performing defect detection tasks and their use as model observers (MO) has become increasingly popular in the medical imaging field. Building upon this use of CNN MOs, we have trained the CNNs to discern between the data it was trained on, and the previously unseen images. We termed this ability domain awareness. To achieve domain awareness, we are simultaneously training a new variation of U-Net CNN to perform defect detection task, as well as to reconstruct a noisy input image. We have shown that the values of the reconstruction mean squared error can be used as a good indicator of how well the algorithm performs in the defect localization task, making a big step towards developing a domain aware CNN MO. Additionally, we have proposed an adaptive learning approach for training these algorithms, and compared them to the non-adaptive learning approach. The main results that we achieved were for the ideal observers, but we also extended these results to human observer data. We have compared different architectures of CNNs with different numbers and sizes of layers, as well as introduced data augmentation to further improve upon our results. Finally, our results show that the proposed adaptive learning approach with introduced data augmentation drastically improves upon the results of a non-adaptive approach in both human and ideal observer cases.
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- Title
- Voxel Transformer with Density-Aware Deformable Attention for 3D Object Detection
- Creator
- Kim, Taeho
- Date
- 2023
- Description
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The Voxel Transformer (VoTr) is a prominent model in the field of 3D object detection, employing a transformer-based architecture to...
Show moreThe Voxel Transformer (VoTr) is a prominent model in the field of 3D object detection, employing a transformer-based architecture to comprehend long-range voxel relationships through self-attention. However, despite its expanded receptive field, VoTr’s flexibility is constrained by its predefined receptive field. In this paper, we present a Voxel Transformer with Density-Aware Deformable Attention (VoTr-DADA), a novel approach to 3D object detection. VoTr-DADA leverages density-guided deformable attention for a more adaptable receptive field. It efficiently identifies key areas in the input using density features, combining the strengths of both VoTr and Deformable Attention. We introduce the Density-Aware Deformable Attention (DADA) module, which is specifically designed to focus on these crucial areas while adaptively extracting more informative features. Experimental results on the KITTI dataset and the Waymo Open dataset show that our proposed method outperforms the baseline VoTr model in 3D object detection while maintaining a fast inference speed.
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- Title
- Application of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Methods in Power System Operation and Control
- Creator
- Farhoumandi, Matin
- Date
- 2023
- Description
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The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the large-scale electrification of transportation infrastructure are driving...
Show moreThe proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the large-scale electrification of transportation infrastructure are driving forces behind the ongoing evolution for transforming traditionally passive consumers into prosumers (both consumers and producers) in a coordinated system of power distribution network (PDN) and urban transportation network (UTN). In this new paradigm, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is a promising energy management strategy for dynamically balancing the supply and demand in electricity markets. In this thesis, we propose the applications of artificial intelligence technology to power system operation and control. First, blockchain (BC) is applied to electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) operations to optimally transact energy in a hierarchical P2P framework. In the proposed framework, a decentralized privacy-preserving clearing mechanism is implemented in the transactive energy market (TEM) in which BC’s smart contracts are applied in a coordinated PDN and UTN operation. The effectiveness of the proposed TEM and its solution approach are validated via numerical simulations which are performed on a modified IEEE 123-bus PDN and a modified Sioux Falls UTN. Second, machine learning and deep learning methods are applied to short-term forecasting of non-conforming net load (STFNL). STFNL plays a vital role in enhancing the secure and efficient operation and control of power systems. However, power system consumption is affected by a variety of external factors and thus includes high levels of variations. These variations cause STFNL to be a challenging task as more DERs are integrated into the power grid. This thesis proposes two commonly used machine learning and deep learning methods, i.e., ensemble bagged and long short-term memory, for STFNL. The advantages, features and applications of these methods are expanded in a proposed fusion forecasting model that improves the STFNL accuracy. Additionally, data engineering and preprocessing options are used to increase the accuracy of the proposed fusion model. A comparative study based on practical load data is performed to demonstrate that the proposed fusion methodology can reach a relatively higher forecasting accuracy with lower error indices. Index Terms—Blockchain, deep learning and machine learning, electric vehicle charging stations, non-conforming net load forecasting, peer-to-peer transactive energy, power distribution and transportation networks, distributed energy resources, behind-the-meter supply resources.
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- Title
- Transactive Energy Market for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Constrained Power and Transportation Networks
- Creator
- Affolabi, Larissa Arielle Sèfiath
- Date
- 2023
- Description
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In response to the urgent need for decarbonization, our society is actively working towards reducing carbon emissions across various sectors....
Show moreIn response to the urgent need for decarbonization, our society is actively working towards reducing carbon emissions across various sectors. These efforts have resulted in the widespread adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the electricity sector and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector. The growing popularity of EVs has resulted in rapid growth of charging infrastructure to meet the increasing demand. Recently, combined efforts across those two sectors have gained popularity with the deployment of EV charging stations (EVCSs) with on-site DERs like solar photovoltaic and/or battery energy storage systems not only to defer or avoid the need for power distribution equipment upgrades but also to achieve more environmentally friendly outcomes in terms of decarbonization goals. To increase transportation electrification, we need to expand further the charging infrastructure. The key challenge lies in accelerating charging station deployment while ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the power distribution system where most of this new load will be concentrated. Numerous research efforts have been dedicated to the study of EVCSs, with a focus on either optimizing the pricing of charging services or addressing the energy management challenges from the perspective of system operators. While these aspects are crucial, it is essential to recognize the importance of attracting private sector stakeholders to invest in and support the expansion of the EVCS network. Relying solely on subsidies is insufficient to finance the necessary scale of EVCS deployment required to accelerate the widespread adoption of EVs. The increasing adoption of EVCSs integrated with on-site DERs highlights the potential for Transactive Energy Market (TEM) operations among EVCSs. However, unlike regular prosumers, EVCS operations are uniquely influenced by both the power distribution and the transportation networks. In light of this issue, this dissertation proposes several multi-agent frameworks that leverage on-site DERs at EVCSs to establish a secondary revenue stream through a TEM. This dissertation investigates the technical and economic aspects of these multi-agent frameworks. At its core, we propose two holistic frameworks to solve the energy management problem of EVCSs within a TEM environment. Modeled as independent profit-driven entities, each EVCS optimally schedules its operation based on the day-ahead traffic assignment problem solved by the traffic operator agent. For the TEM clearing process, we propose two distinct lines of approach. First, a centralized approach where a single entity assumes both the market operator and grid operator functions. This integrated approach streamlines the decision-making process and ensures coordinated operations between the market and the power grid. Second, a decentralized approach, where separate entities take on the roles of the market operator and grid operator, respectively. This decentralized structure allows for more flexibility and distributed decision-making within the TEM. Furthermore, in contrast to many TEM related studies that overlook the complexity of the power distribution system, we introduce a comprehensive three-phase unbalanced optimal power flow model. This model incorporates features such as network reconfiguration and tap changers, allowing for a more accurate representation and understanding of the power distribution system's operation. Various case studies are used to prove the effectiveness of our proposed lines of approach to EVCSs’ day-ahead energy management problem.
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- Title
- Optimization of Large-Scale NOMA With Incidence Matrix Design and Physical Layer Security
- Creator
- Hwang, Eli W.
- Date
- 2024
- Description
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The Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system is recognized for its capability to achieve higher spectral efficiency and massive...
Show moreThe Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system is recognized for its capability to achieve higher spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. NOMA is intended to transmit massive user communications. The incidence matrix governs the relationship between users and resources for the Code domain NOMA (CD-NOMA). However, NOMA studies focus less on the design and optimization of the incidence matrix.Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the development of a secure and large-scale NOMA system based on incidence matrix design. The main contributions are outlined as follows: Firstly, this research introduces a novel NOMA system. Distinct from existing studies, the NOMA system is based on combinatorial design. This innovative approach, coupled with a unique constellation design, eliminates the surjective mapping from the linear adding data of multiusers, reducing the complexity of constellation design and Multiuser Detection (MUD). The characteristics of the incidence matrix designs, Simple Orthogonal Multi-Arrays (SOMA), are explored, which display a distinct Latin Square pattern. The SOMA design's unique structure allows for the creation of a highly flexible and fair resource allocation matrix. The NOMA system's theoretical performance analysis equations are established, supporting dynamic adaptability and optimization. The design is validated by Monte Carlo simulation. Compared to other NOMA schemes, it offers higher degrees of freedom and lower complexity while maintaining graceful error rates to transmit a larger number of users. Secondly, a novel NOMA system utilizing incidence matrix information in the uplink is investigated. The incidence matrix pattern is exploited for MUD to achieve large-scale user connectivity. The incidence matrix is designed based on two critical mathematical concepts: parallel classes in hypergraph theory and orthogonal arrays (OAs) in combinatorial designs. Unlike other NOMA schemes, which require modification of their receiver and transmitter to decode superimposed multiuser signals, the unique pattern of the OA structure enables the use of conventional modulators. Consequently, the system load increases and the complexity and latency are reduced. The order of magnitude of the decoding complexity can be significantly reduced from O(N^3) to O(N) compared to the conventional minimum mean-square estimation (MMSE) decoder. Monte Carlo simulation validates that this novel NOMA system outperforms other NOMA designs in terms of error rate, data rate, and system size. Finally, a reconfigurable convolutional encoder design that integrates security and error correction based on physical layer security (PLS) and randomness is developed. This design addresses concerns over privacy, security, and reliability of Internet of Things devices in edge computing networks. The lightweight Convolutional encoders are designed to ensure security by updating the transfer function dynamically with user data. The reconfigurability of the design is achieved by replacing the fixed adder that represents the generator polynomials with the switch adder, enabling the use of 87 billion distinct updating structures, thereby enhancing the versatility of the design. BER-based PLS paradigms are demonstrated in the simulation. In the simulation, the robustness and randomness of this design are further validated through tests suggested by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators, such as the monobits, longest one, and run tests.
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- Title
- A Kernel-Free Boundary Integral Method for Two-Dimensional Magnetostatics Analysis
- Creator
- Jin, Zichao
- Date
- 2023
- Description
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Performing magnetostatic analysis accurately and efficiently is crucial for the multi-objective optimization of electromagnetic device designs...
Show morePerforming magnetostatic analysis accurately and efficiently is crucial for the multi-objective optimization of electromagnetic device designs. Therefore, an accurate and computationally efficient method is essential. Kernel Free Boundary Integral Method is a numerical method that can accurately and efficiently solve partial differential equations. Unlike traditional boundary integral or boundary element methods, KFBIM does not require an analytical form of Green’s function for evaluating integrals via numerical quadrature. Instead, KFBIM computes integrals by solving an equivalent interface problem on a Cartesian mesh. Compared with traditional finite difference methods for solving the governing PDEs directly, KFBIM produces a well-conditioned linear system. Therefore, the numerical solution of KFBIM is not sensitive to computer round-off errors, and the KFBIM requires only a fixed number of iterations when an iterative method (e.g., GMRES) is applied to solve the linear system.In this research, the KFBIM is introduced for solving magnetic computations in a toroidal core geometry in 2D. This study is very relevant in designing and optimizing toroidal inductors or transformers used in electrical systems, where lighter weight, higher inductance, higher efficiency, and lower leakage flux are required. The results are then compared with a commercial finite element solver (ANSYS), which shows excellent agreement. It should be noted that, compared with FEM, the KFBIM does not require a body-fitted mesh and can achieve high accuracy with a coarse mesh. In particular, the magnetic potential and tangential field intensity calculations on the boundaries are more stable and exhibit almost no oscillations.Furthermore, although KFBIM is accurate and computationally efficient, sharp corners can be a significant problem for KFBIM. Therefore, an inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based geometry reconstruction is explored to overcome this challenge for smoothening sharp corners. A toroidal core with an airgap (C-core) is modeled to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in addressing the sharp corner problem. A numerical example demonstrates that the method works for the variable coefficient PDE. In addition, magnetostatic analysis for homogeneous and nonhomogeneous material is presented for the reconstructed geometry, and results carried out from KFBIM are compared with the results of FEM analysis for the original geometry to show the differences and the potential of the proposed method.
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