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Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1963
Creator: Brandt & Associates
Date: 1963
Description: Aerial photograph of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking northeast.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1955
Date: 1955
Description: Aerial photograph of the northwest section of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking northeast. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1957
Date: 1957
Description: Aerial photograph of the south portion of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking north. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1955
Date: 1955
Description: Aerial photograph of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking northwest. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: View of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking north, Chicago, Illinois, 1953
Date: 1953
Description: Photograph of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking north. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1953
Date: 1953
Description: Aerial photograph of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking northwest. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Aerial view of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, Chicago, Illinois, 1953
Date: 1953
Description: Aerial photograph of the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, looking southwest. Photographer unknown.
Collection: IIT Campus Aerial photographs, 1940-2002

Title: Mentions of Ethics Codes in Social Media: A Twitter Analysis
Creator: Laas, Kelly, Hildt, Elisabeth, Wu, Ying
Date: 2022, 2022-01-03
Publisher: Springer, Cham
Collection: Codes of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines: Emerging Technologies and Changing Fields

Title: An Introduction to the Societal Roles of Ethics Codes
Creator: Laas, Kelly, Davis, Michael, Hildt, Elisabeth
Date: 2022, 2022-01-03
Publisher: Springer, Cham
Description: In this collected volume, we are interested in the roles of ethics codes and ethical guidelines in professions in which research and...
Show moreIn this collected volume, we are interested in the roles of ethics codes and ethical guidelines in professions in which research and innovation play an important role and where emerging technologies bring about considerable, sometimes fast-paced change.
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Collection: Codes of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines: Emerging Technologies and Changing Fields

Title: Informed Consent in Digital Data Management
Creator: Hildt, Elisabeth, Laas, Kelly
Date: 2022, 2022-01-03
Publisher: Springer, Cham
Description: This article discusses the role of informed consent, a well-known concept and standard established in the field of medicine, in ethics codes...
Show moreThis article discusses the role of informed consent, a well-known concept and standard established in the field of medicine, in ethics codes relating to digital data management. It analyzes the significance allotted to informed consent and informed consent-related principles in ethics codes, policies, and guidelines by presenting the results of a study focused on 31 ethics codes, policies, and guidelines held as part of the Ethics Codes Collection. The analysis reveals that up to now, there is a limited number of codes of ethics, policies, and guidelines on digital data management. Informed consent often is a central component in these codes and guidelines. While there undoubtedly are significant similarities between informed consent in medicine and digital data management, in ethics codes and guidelines, informed consent-related standards in some fields such as marketing are weaker and less strict. The article concludes that informed consent is an essential standard in digital data management that can help effectively shape future practices in the field. However, a more detailed reflection on the specific content and role of informed consent and informed consent-related standards in the various areas of digital data management is needed to avoid the weakening and dilution of standards in contexts where there are no clear legal regulations.
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Collection: Codes of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines: Emerging Technologies and Changing Fields

Title: Letter from Frank T. Walsh to Mary Henry, May 27, 1966
Creator: Walsh, Frank T.
Date: 1966-05-27
Description: Typescript letter with signature from Frank T. Walsh, Director of Corporate Industrial Design at the Ampex Corporation, to Mary Henry. The...
Show moreTypescript letter with signature from Frank T. Walsh, Director of Corporate Industrial Design at the Ampex Corporation, to Mary Henry. The letter was composed in response to the promotional material Henry provided Ampex in advance of her first solo exhibition, which opened in 1967 at the Ampex Corporation in Redwood City, California.
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Collection: Mary Dill Henry Papers, 1913-2021

Title: Simulation and Experimental Testing of High-Gradient Dielectric Disk Accelerating Cavities
Creator: Weatherly, Sarah K.
Date: 2022
Description: Structure-based wakefield acceleration can be accomplished using either Collinear Wakefield Acceleration (CWA) where the drive beam and the...
Show moreStructure-based wakefield acceleration can be accomplished using either Collinear Wakefield Acceleration (CWA) where the drive beam and the witness beam are located on the same beamline or Two Beam Acceleration (TBA) where the RF power generated by the drive beam is extracted and transferred to the witness beam line. A Dielectric Disk Accelerator (DDA) is an accelerating structure that is utilized by TBA that uses dielectric disks to improve the structure's shunt impedance and accelerate the witness beam. Dielectric based accelerators studied in this thesis are X-Band structures (have a working frequency between 8 and 12 GHz) that can use any pulse length but in this study utilize short (<20 ns) traveling wave pulses. Short pulse lengths are used to decrease breakdown probability and allow for a large gradient. DDAs have a higher group velocity and a larger shunt impedance compared to traditional metallic accelerating structures while maintaining a large accelerating gradient. DDAs are a strong candidate for use in the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator’s 500 MeV Demonstrator. Recent experimental results of a clamped single cell structure demonstrated a >100 MV/m accelerating gradient with no evidence of breakdown in the RF volume. Additional structures, including a brazed single cell model and a multicell structure, have been designed and are now being fabricated for high power testing.
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Title: ESTIMATING PM2.5 INFILTRATION FACTORS FROM REAL-TIME OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERS DEPLOYED IN CHICAGO HOMES BEFORE AND AFTER MECHANICAL VENTILATION RETROFITS
Creator: Wang, Mingyu
Date: 2021
Description: PM2.5 are fine inhalable particles that are 2.5 micrometers or smaller in size. Indoor PM2.5 consists of outdoor PM2.5 (ambient PM2.5) that is...
Show morePM2.5 are fine inhalable particles that are 2.5 micrometers or smaller in size. Indoor PM2.5 consists of outdoor PM2.5 (ambient PM2.5) that is infiltrated into the indoor environment and indoor generated PM2.5 (non-ambient PM2.5). As people spend nearly 90% of their lifetimes indoors, with most of that time in their homes, PM2.5 exposure in homes results in severe health effects such as asthma. One strategy increasingly being used to dilute air pollutants generated indoors and improve indoor air quality (IAQ) in homes is the introduction of mechanical ventilation systems. However, mechanical ventilation systems also have the potential to introduce more ambient PM2.5 than relying on infiltration alone, although limited data exist to demonstrate the magnitude of impacts in occupied homes. The objective of this paper is to estimate the infiltration factor (Finf) of PM2.5 before and after installing mechanical ventilation systems in a subset of occupied homes. The data source utilized comes from the Breathe Easy Project, a more than 2-year-long study conducted in 40 existing homes in Chicago, IL aiming to explore the effects of three different types of mechanical ventilation system retrofits on IAQ and asthma. An automated algorithm was developed to remove indoor PM2.5 peaks in time-series data collected from optical particle counters deployed inside and outside of each home. The Finf was estimated using the resulting indoor/outdoor ratio with indoor peaks removed. Before mechanical ventilation retrofits, the weekly median Finf was 0.29 (summer median = 0.41, fall median = 0.26, winter median = 0.29, spring median = 0.30); after mechanical ventilation retrofits, the median Finf was 0.34 (winter median= 0.28, spring median = 0.45, summer median = 0.54, fall median = 0.20). Differences in Finf between pre- and post-intervention periods were not statistically significant (p = 0.23 from Wilcoxon signed rank tests). The median PM2.5 infiltration factor increased ~22% (from 0.27 to 0.33) with the installation of balanced ventilation systems with energy recovery ventilators (ERV), although differences were not statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank p = 0.35). The median PM2.5 infiltration factor decreased ~4% (from 0.28 to 0.27) after installing intermittent CFIS systems, which intermittently supply ventilation air through the existing central air handling units and associated filters (which were upgraded to a minimum of MERV 10 in all CFIS homes), although differences were not statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank p = 0.24). The median PM2.5 infiltration factor increased ~26% (from 0.35 to 0.44) with the installation of continuous exhaust-only systems, and differences were significant (Wilcoxon signed rank p = 0.04). These results suggest that the filtration mechanisms used on the CFIS and balanced systems were adequate for maintaining similar distributions of Finf values pre- and post-interventions whereas the increased delivery of outdoor air via the building envelope by exhaust-only systems significantly increased Finf following retrofits.
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Title: Architecture as a Communicator of Values and Identity Spaces for Public Safety and Community Benefits
Creator: Waidele Arteaga, Nicolas
Date: 2022
Description: Urban segregation, violence, and crimes are linked to drug trafficking. El Castillo Social Factory is an urban strategy that aims to recover...
Show moreUrban segregation, violence, and crimes are linked to drug trafficking. El Castillo Social Factory is an urban strategy that aims to recover the El Castillo neighborhood and prevent drug trafficking from advancing, understanding that police action is necessary but insufficient.This neighborhood is located on the southern periphery of Santiago in a commune called La Pintana and aspires to make its neighborhoods “more livable, healthy, and economically viable.” This proposal explores how investing in civic commons can make these goals a reality. First, it is essential to increase the presence of the State, strengthening existing services and adding new ones, with a focus on the care of children and young people. The second is to recover vacant lots and public spaces in poor condition or deteriorated through an “urban acupuncture” strategy based on the construction of many small or medium-sized projects. Art and sports are fundamental, allowing us to protect children and young people and offer them horizons of recreation and hope. The public buildings, institutions, land, water bodies, and infrastructure inherited from earlier generations are ready for us to see anew—as a robust network of civic assets ready to be activated for the current needs, desires, and dreams of all the people who share and shape them. El Castillo Social Factory offers a fresh look at our community anchors and the vibrant hubs our public spaces can become when we invest in collective urban life. Its vision focuses on positive transformation at the architectural scale—where personal experience and aspirations meet broad, long-range planning efforts—to spark the imagination and spur us to work together toward realizing the abundant potential of what we hold in common.
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Title: Automated Successive Baseline Schedule Model
Creator: Patel, Mihir Prakashbhai
Date: 2021
Description: The construction project involves many stakeholders and diverse phases. Usually, a construction schedule is initially set up as a simple ideal...
Show moreThe construction project involves many stakeholders and diverse phases. Usually, a construction schedule is initially set up as a simple ideal case scenario, but then, during construction, the project faces modifications such as delay, acceleration, and change in logic caused by the project’s complexity and inherent risk. To recover the damage(s) caused by these modifications, the parties responsible for them should be identified accurately. Researchers and practitioners developed and used various delay analysis models to quantify delays, but the selection of the model depends on the time of analysis, available information, and expertise of the analyst. So, the results can be biased. The general problem is that most delay analysis models consider only delays in quantifying impacts rather than every type of modification that impacted the project, including CPM logic changes and adding/removing activities during construction. This study proposes a new successive baseline model to enable the precise analysis of the impacts of all sorts of modifications that occur during construction. This model can achieve unbiased and accurate results. The analysis process can also be computerized into a web application to improve efficiency and productivity. The fundamental concepts of the various modifications that can occur in the work schedule during construction and the analysis of the modifications’ impacts are presented in this study. Issues related to concurrency, float ownership, type of modification, selection of delay analysis model, and challenges with automation are also highlighted to broaden the understanding disagreements of the parties to a construction contract. A case example is presented to prove the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed model and web application.
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Title: SAFETY AND MOBILITY IMPACTS ASSESSMENT OF THE CHICAGO BIKE LANE PROGRAM
Creator: Zhao, Yu
Date: 2021
Description: In recent years, bike as a travel mode is getting increasingly popular among large cities in the U.S. These cities also found promoting bike...
Show moreIn recent years, bike as a travel mode is getting increasingly popular among large cities in the U.S. These cities also found promoting bike mode can potentially mitigate traffic congestion issues, reduce carbon emission and improve the quality of life for residents. Therefore, many cities-initiated bike-related programs promote the bike mode from all aspects, such as establishing a shared bike system and developing bike-related facilities. Specifically, bike lane installation is widely seen in large cities as a pivot component of bike promotion programs. Due to the installation of bike lanes on the existing network, vehicles’ safety and mobility performance may be affected due to the variation of facilities. This study attempts to propose a methodology to quantify the safety and mobility impacts on vehicles brought by bike lane installation. The proposed method accounts for safety impact by using predicted crashes in conjunction with field observed crash data for empirical Bayes (EB) before-after comparison group analysis. The mobility impact is captured by comparing the segment average travel time before and after the bike lane installation. Further, vehicle volume information is involved in the consumer surplus computation to quantify the variation in vehicle safety, and mobility performance resulting from the bike lane installation. A case study is conducted using a real data set from the city of Chicago bike lane program. The results reveal that the safety and mobility impacts vary mainly depending on the type of bike lane installed and location.
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Title: Reconditioning Dharavi: A Toolkit of Strategies for Incremental Development
Creator: Bhogle, Saylee Deepak
Date: 2022
Description: The 2003 Global Report on Human Settlements (Un-Habitat, 2003) defines a "slum" as a densely populated metropolitan area that is distinguished...
Show moreThe 2003 Global Report on Human Settlements (Un-Habitat, 2003) defines a "slum" as a densely populated metropolitan area that is distinguished by a variety of low-income settlements, subpar housing, and squalor. Dharavi, on the other hand, is far more than a "slum." In the heart of Mumbai, Dharavi is an economically prosperous and socially active informal town. Mumbai is a thriving metropolis with many different realities and patterns, even though it appears to be a slum filled with squatters. However, the region has recently become a hub for informal settlements and urban problems associated with poor hygiene in developing countries. People’s misconceptions about Dharavi stem from a failure to recognize its social capital and economic power: the area encompasses a variety of economic networks, production types, income levels, land tenure arrangements, and religious activities and festivities. Dharavi is made up of 85 separate groups with a strong feeling of belonging and high expectations for stability and improved economic position and living standards. It is also clear that these folks are capable of building and enhancing their shelter if they have the resources to do so. To develop all these qualities, Dharavi's Social Capital must be recognized and promoted as an asset to the city of Mumbai. A community such as Dharavi requires ‘urban acupuncture’; where mediation of the littlest kind will have the greatest effect. Dharavi, like any other "Informal" city, requires rigorous examination to be fully comprehended. It is a unique location where a large flood of migrants has managed to build jobs and their city. My underlying attitude to this location is a conflicting desire to save and replace it. The desire to save is linked to the aesthetic of informality as well as the intense sociality, diversity, and production of the streets and lanes - a fascinating and diversified urban ensemble. The desire to eliminate stems from hopeless states of sterilization, ventilation, light, open space, and congested areas. As a result, a reliable strategy for combining the two methodologies and locating a functioning arrangement should be developed. The government has been trying to redevelop this area for the past 50 years but hasn’t been successful in doing so. In contrast to the existing redevelopment plan, which promotes uniform top-down development, my concept anticipates techniques for progressive self-development, including "bottom-up" finance models and architectural approaches. After identifying various patterns and carefully examining behavior patterns, production systems, and existing community facilities, a toolkit of methods can be built that can be used in various places and "outboxes." The simple homogeneity of solutions for Dharavi's changing conditions has been avoided. Dharavi's current identity and "mixed-use" paradigm have been respected, with Home recognized as an instrument of production. The proposed design has been tested for various environmental factors using different tools for natural lighting and ventilation. The outdoor areas are also analyzed for thermal comfort since a lot of social activities take place in these areas. Communal areas have been designed to accommodate micro infrastructure systems while also increasing productivity. As a result, a system of self-development triggers has been created that can improve present conditions while also supporting the community's need for stability. Simultaneously, by focusing on property ownership as an economic driver, the proposed approach can provide a type of "social mobility" for Dharavi's residents.
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Title: Carrier phase multipath characterization and frequency-domain bounding
Creator: Benz, Chloe
Date: 2022
Description: Safely relying on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements for position estimation using multi-sensor navigation algorithms,...
Show moreSafely relying on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements for position estimation using multi-sensor navigation algorithms, especially in critical phases of flight – such as takeoff or landing – requires precise knowledge of the errors affecting position estimates and their extrema values at any time. This work investigates a method for characterization and power-spectral density (PSD) bounding of GNSS carrier phase multipath error intended for use in sensor fusion for aircraft navigation. In this dissertation, two methods of GNSS carrier phase multipath characterization are explored: single frequency dual antenna (DA) and single antenna dual frequency (DF). However, since not all aircraft are equipped with multiple GNSS antennas, because the DA method entails a meticulous tracking of the lever arm between the two antennas, and as multipath seen by two antennas in a short baseline configuration may cancel out, the DF method is preferred and is the main emphasis of this work. By subtracting carrier phase measurements collected by a receiver overtwo distinct frequencies, a composite measurement containing ionospheric delay and carrier phase multipath is obtained. The ionospheric delay has slower dynamics than multipath, so it is removed using a high pass filter. The filter cutoff frequency is carefully picked based on a study of ionospheric delay dynamics. The DF method is validated on a rooftop GPS carrier phase dataset, and finally, directions and considerations for its ultimate intended use on airborne collected GNSS carrier phase data are provided.
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Title: ESTIMATES OF AIR EXCHANGE RATES THROUGH THE USE OF TOTAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND DECAY MEASUREMENTS
Creator: Bradley, Christopher
Date: 2021
Description: Indoor air exchange rates are commonly used to assess the overall fitness of a building and assess its performance. More recently, air...
Show moreIndoor air exchange rates are commonly used to assess the overall fitness of a building and assess its performance. More recently, air exchange has become a concern due to the COVD-19 pandemic, requiring replacement air to ensure safety; especially so considering that humans spend much of their time indoors. Building science has focused on air exchange to quantify needs for thermal loads, balancing the overall tightness of a building with the amount of energy consumed. Moreover, guidelines have been created by several different organizations to maintain adequate ventilation to remove indoor air pollution, replacing it with clean outdoor air. Research focuses on how to maintain a comfortable and safe quality of indoor air while balancing the needs of the energy crisis.When installed with proper HVAC systems, air exchange rates can be set to a recommended value based upon the conditions of the environment. Buildings without mechanical ventilation face another issue, mainly that they only rely on natural ventilation and the infiltration rate. Temperature differences between the indoor and outdoor environment and the condition of wind speed and direction create pressure differences across the building envelope, influencing the infiltration rate, which can change the amount of air exchange in buildings with natural or mechanical ventilation. Currently, air exchange rates are commonly measured using tracer gases. More frequently used gases have included perfluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride, and carbon dioxide, though none of these have proven to be ideal tracers. Alongside this, cost and burden on the participants of these studies often limit the amount of measurements made. Numerous studies have been conducted on how to model the air exchange rate by the changes in concentrations, but accuracy depends on the amount of information available. Other attempts have been made to characterize buildings by their infiltration rate to make estimations, but other questions have arisen about the accuracy of these methods. Due to their ubiquity in indoor environments, volatile organic compounds have been suggested as a plausible tracer gas for measuring air exchange rates. The plausibility of this method raises questions, such as their behavior within the indoor environment, their ability to be measured and the cost to measure concentrations, and the analytical requirements to characterize the rates of removal as air exchange rates. However, due to the rapid increase of available technology in low cost, lightweight, high-resolution sensors, this novel method of using VOCs, especially indicators of total VOCs (TVOCs), may prove fruitful in measuring air exchange within specific microenvironments. Analysis of time-series TVOC concentration measurements taken from a study conducted in multiple residences was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using these measurements, and especially naturally occurring elevation and decay periods, as a proxy for calculating air exchange rates. Though the removal rates of these compounds fell within the range of typical air exchange rates for residential spaces, the results of this analysis suggest the method has potential but with limitations, including the unknown behavior of the individual compounds comprising TVOC measurements within the space, proximity and mixing effects, and potentially invalid comparisons to air exchange rates given from a LBLX model rather than simultaneous tracer gas tests. Future work should explore simultaneous use of TVOC measurements alongside conventional tracer gas testing to further explore the potential utility of such methods.
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Title: INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING AND REMOTE POWER UNITS AS CASE STUDIES FOR CITIES TO DECARBONIZE
Creator: Burgess, Patrick G.
Date: 2022
Description: There is a scientific consensus that atmospheric warming caused by the release of emissions will reach critical levels in our lifetime if...
Show moreThere is a scientific consensus that atmospheric warming caused by the release of emissions will reach critical levels in our lifetime if significant efforts are not made to decarbonize our buildings and power grid. The City of Los Angeles is a prime example of the challenges of decarbonizing, balancing global, federal, and state policies and issues and addressing environmental justice. The first research case studies of the details and challenges of decarbonization efforts include the implementation of the first networked light-emitting diode (LED) streetlights in the city of Chicago on IIT’s campus to improve the reliability and economics of its main campus, 2.5 mi south of downtown Chicago. Research shows that these networked LED streetlights greatly reduce a city's rising energy costs, but the CSMART project team has set out to prove the benefits of integrating an intelligent communications and control system with an existing smart grid infrastructure, such as an existing network and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. In addition to assessing the economic and environmental drivers for the intelligent streetlight solution, the project team is dedicated to assessing the potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities of such a system and working to mitigate or eliminate them. The second research case study covers off-grid remote power units providing continuous illumination for safer streets and safer driving that is unaffected by power outages. Thanks to individual lighting control potentially allowing for dimming, blinking, and even color changing, streetlights powered by RPUs can be used as emergency signaling devices, directing traffic during a city evacuation or other emergency. The RPU control and monitoring can be accessed through the cloud, thereby avoiding reliance on local servers.
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