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Title: THERMAL RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 IN PEANUT BUTTER
Creator: He, Yingshu
Date: 2014, 2014-05
Description: Salmonella enterica is a frequent food contaminant and the leading cause of foodborne bacterial illnesses in the United States. Our study...
Show moreSalmonella enterica is a frequent food contaminant and the leading cause of foodborne bacterial illnesses in the United States. Our study demonstrated that a 5-strain S. enterica cocktail displayed increased heat resistance in peanut butter of low water activity (aw). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the survival rates of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in peanut butter with different formulations and water activity. High carbohydrate content in peanut butter and low incubation temperature resulted in higher levels of bacterial survival during storage but lower levels of bacterial resistance to heat treatment. Furthermore, we also compared the relative heat resistance of three individual strains of S. enterica representing serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Tennessee and the 3-strain cocktail treated at both 90oC and 126oC in two different peanut butter formulations with varied fat and carbohydrate contents and adjusted water activities (aw from 0.2 to 0.8). When treated at 90oC, increased water activity in peanut butter significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the heat resistance of desiccation-stressed S. enterica cells. Differences in heat resistance were also detected among the three S. enterica serotypes and between the two peanut butter formulations. When treated at 126oC, the differences in bacterial heat resistance among serotypes and adjusted water activities were less notable (P > 0.05). Based on the Weibull model, an average of 52 to 132 min was required to achieve a 5-log reduction of the 3-strain cocktail at 90oC in peanut butter with an aw of 0.2. When aw was increased to 0.6, to achieve the same 5-log reduction required only 23-27 min. At aw of 0.8, S. enterica could be completely killed in less than 10 min in peanut butter with a fat content of 48.49%. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed minor morphological changes xiii of S. enterica cells during desiccation and rehydration processes in peanut oil, which was used as a surrogate for peanut putter. Results from this study collectively suggest that water activity plays a critical role in determining S. enterica heat resistance in peanut butter. The variability that exists among the heat resistance of different S. enterica serotypes in different peanut butter formulations should also be taken into consideration for developing and validating effective intervention and mitigation strategies in peanut butter production.
PH.D in Biology, May 2014
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Title: Magnetic Recorder Drive Mechanism
Creator: Camras, Marvin
Date: 1958-08-19
Description: Sponsorship: Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology
United States Patent

Title: Memory Server
Creator: Sun, Xian-he
Date: 2012-03-20, 2011-01-04
Description: A memory server provides data access as a service to clients and has a memory service architecture and components for removing data management...
Show moreA memory server provides data access as a service to clients and has a memory service architecture and components for removing data management burdens from the client processor and providing increased speed and utility for the client through aggressive prediction of client memory requirements and fast provision of data.
Sponsorship: Illinois Institute of Technology
United States Patent
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Title: Particle production at large momentum transfer, Proceedings of the XLIII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics
Creator: Gonçalves, V.p., Sauter, Werner K.
Date: 2013-09-15, 2013-09-15
Publisher: IIT Press
Description: Diffractive particle production in ep collisions and coherent pp interactions is studied assuming that the color singlet t channel exchange...
Show moreDiffractive particle production in ep collisions and coherent pp interactions is studied assuming that the color singlet t channel exchange carries large momentum transfer. The differential and total cross sections for vector meson and photon production are calculated using the non-forward solution of the LO and NLO BFKL equation at high energy and large momentum transfer and the predictions are compared with the DESY HERA data. Moreover, we estimate the rapidity distributions and total cross section for the J/Ψ and ρ production in coherent pp interactions at LHC energies. We predict large rates, which implies that the experimental identification can be feasible at the LHC.
Sponsorship: IIT College of Science, High Energy Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory
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Title: Development of Powered Resonance-tube Actuators for Aircraft Flow Control Applications
Creator: Raman, G., Mills, A., Kibens, V.
Date: 2004-12
Publisher: American Inst Aeronaut Astronaut
Description: The present paper addresses both active-flow-control actuator technology development and the demonstration of the effectiveness of actuators...
Show moreThe present paper addresses both active-flow-control actuator technology development and the demonstration of the effectiveness of actuators that could be easily integrated into practical aircraft applications. The actuator used is an adaptation of the Hartmann oscillator. Demonstration experiments that illustrate the effectiveness of this actuator include cavity tone suppression at transonic speeds and the reduction of jet-impingement tones. The actuator concept is based on a high-speed jet aimed at the mouth of a cylindrical tube closed at the other end. The result is a high-amplitude self-sustaining fluctuating field accompanied by an intense narrowband tone, all in the region between the supply jet and the resonance tube. Using unsteady pressure sensors and flow visualization, we explored the effect of varying actuator parameters such as the spacing between the power jet and the resonance tube, supply pressure, resonance-tube depth, diameter, shape, and lateral spacing. By varying the depth of the tube, the frequency could be varied from about 1.6 kHz to over 10 kHz and amplitudes as high as 156 dB (microphone location dependent) were obtained in the vicinity of actuation. To integrate this concept into practical aircraft applications, two generations of a more complex version of this device known as the powered resonance-tube bank (PRTB) were developed and demonstrated. Results indicate that by using high-frequency excitation at 5-kHz suppression levels in excess of 20 dB were consistently obtained over a range of operating conditions in both cavity and impingement flow situations. Based on our results, we have grounds to believe that a properly designed PRTB has significant advantages over conventional actuators such as acoustic, piezo, and oscillatory microstructures.
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Title: URBAN RETROFIT OF THE HISTORICAL CITY OF AHMEDABAD, INDIA
Creator: Patel, Chanakya Dineshbhai
Date: 2012-11-26, 2012-12
Description: Most great cities of today originally started as small settlements on the banks of rivers. Ahmedabad, founded in year 1411 AD by emperor Ahmed...
Show moreMost great cities of today originally started as small settlements on the banks of rivers. Ahmedabad, founded in year 1411 AD by emperor Ahmed Shah indeed has a claim for thriving in all aspects of life for the past six centuries. Established as a small military settlement on the dry and sandy north Gujarat plains on the bank of river Sabarmati, Ahmedabad today is fifth largest city and seventh largest metropolitan of India. Geographically the Sabarmati River divides the city of Ahmedabad into two segments. Within each side of the city there are two distinct images, urban west and historic east. It could be stated that the historic district of city must now hold its position as the center both geographically and economically considering the overall metropolitan area of Ahmedabad. With rapid urbanization, the historic district is overlapped by today’s fast paced life and urbanity resulting a steady loss of its heritage and greater than that, a sense of place. This thesis proposes a conservation and reconstruction model for the historic district of Ahmedabad addressing the most fundamental issues of economic viability and sustainability. The main challenge driving this thesis is how to retrofit the historic district so that it matches the urbanity of 21st century along with keeping its historic character intact. The initial process is to assemble background observations and research that will provide an understanding of the concepts required for retrofitting the historic district of Ahmedabad. It is hopeful that the ideas and architectural process can also be a framework to be applied on other historic cores that have been neglected and suppressed by today’s urbanity and especially in Asian countries.
M.S. in Architecture, December 2012
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Title: Creative Public Library and Material Center
Creator: Phanuprasit, Praerin
Date: 2010-07-29

Title: LONG-TERM AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER IN ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED BIOSOLIDS
Creator: Lukicheva, Irina
Date: 2012-12-05, 2012-12
Description: Long-term anaerobic storage of biosolids in a lagoons type of system as a post-treatment to anaerobic digestion is a proven process for...
Show moreLong-term anaerobic storage of biosolids in a lagoons type of system as a post-treatment to anaerobic digestion is a proven process for further pathogen reduction to produce Class A biosolids. At the same time, final biosolids product could develop odors during storage and handling, limiting the flexibility of biosolids utilization. The goal of this research was to study properties of biosolids under different lengths of aging time to determine the stability of final product for its odor potential. Field lagoons of Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago were sampled to estimate the spatial and temporal variations in the physical-chemical properties and biological stability indicators, namely, total solids, volatile solids, pH, electric conductivity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia-N, nitrite/nitrate-N, accumulated oxygen uptake for the 20-hour respirometric test, soluble protein concentration and headspace concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds. The sampling campaign was performed in October 2009. Two types of lagoons were assessed in this study- high-solids lagoons that are loaded with sludge that was previously anaerobically digested and dewatered on the centrifuges, and low-solids lagoons that are loaded with sludge that was previously digested but not dewatered. The analysis of collected data suggested that for the high-solids lagoons the surface layer biosolids (depth of above 0.15 m) undergo long-term aerobic oxidation resulting in higher degree of final product stabilization. The subsurface layers (depth below 0.15 m) are subjected to anaerobic environment where the conditions allow only the initial rapid organic matter degradation approximately within the first year, followed xii by very slow degradation. In addition, microbiological analyses using Fluorescent in situ Hybridization did not indicate active microbial communities in aged biosolids. The performance of low-solids lagoons in the reduction of the biodegradability parameters was shown to be similar to that of the high-solids lagoons. Low-solids lagoons were shown to perform the dewatering function reducing moisture in the digested sludge from initial 2-3% TS to up to 16% TS. Although the lagoon aged biosolids were found to be stable in comparison with other products, such as composts, further aerobic processes taking place after lagoons, such as air-drying and stock-piling could induce further active biological activity. This could potentially result in the odor formation from the air-dried final product. For these reasons, more research is required on the mechanisms promoting further product degradation after lagoons aging.
PH.D in Environmental Engineering, December 2012
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Title: IMPROVEMENT OF BUS TRANSIT OPERATIONS BY MINIMIZING NON-REVENUE TRAVEL TIME
Creator: Arthur, Christina
Date: 2012-06-04, 2012-07
Description: There are many activities in which a transit agency can investigate reduce costs. Three main activities include service cuts, renegotiations...
Show moreThere are many activities in which a transit agency can investigate reduce costs. Three main activities include service cuts, renegotiations of union labor contracts and modifications to bus operations. The first activity, cutting service, is often a last resort because not only must an agency adhere to its budget but also its service standards. Service cutting can involve route eliminations, stop eliminations, reroutes and reductions in spans of service and frequency of service. These service cuts greatly impact the riders in which routes serve as well as the image of the agency. In order to maintain customer satisfaction and ridership, an agency may decide to employ the latter two activities. In essence these two types of activities, singularly or in combination, can produce a reduction in overhead costs to the agency by more efficiently operating services. This paper focuses on modifications to bus operations as it relates to pull-in and pull-out trips, commonly referred to as deadheading and operator travel to relief points. Using the urban bus operation of the Chicago Transit Authority, a model is developed to assign routes to garages given the locations of the pull-in and pull-out locations associated with each route. As the system currently exists, there are seven garages distributed across the city from which 144 bus routes start and end. Many of these routes are operated out of multiple garages. The main reason for these route-to-multi-garage assignments is garage capacity and scheduling needs. The goal of this research is to determine how routes can be assigned to one specific garage and still meet the requirements given by the schedule.
M.S. in Civil Engineering, July 2012
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Title: ADVANCING DESIGN SIZING AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR BUILDING INTEGRATED THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEMS
Creator: Zakrzewski, Thomas
Date: 2017, 2017-07
Description: Combined electrical and thermal energy systems (i.e., cogeneration systems) will play an integral role in future energy supplies because they...
Show moreCombined electrical and thermal energy systems (i.e., cogeneration systems) will play an integral role in future energy supplies because they can yield higher overall system fuel utilization and efficiency, and thus produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions, than traditionally separate systems. However, methods for both design sizing and performance optimization for cogeneration systems and commercial buildings lag behind the tremendous advancements that have been made in building performance simulation methods. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to develop and apply novel cogeneration system modeling techniques for optimizing design sizing and dispatch of generation sets that reduce energy use, energy costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. This research is divided into four main research objectives: (1) generalizing cogeneration performance of lean burn natural gas spark ignition reciprocating engines, (2) developing a new Design and Optimization of Combined Heat and Power (DOCHP) systems optimization tool for improving design-sizing of building-integrated and grid-tied CHP systems, (3) demonstrating the utility of the DOCHP tool with several practical applications, and (4) integrating on-site intermittent renewable energy systems into the DOCHP tool to analyze micro-grid applications. This research leverages recent developments in multiple areas of building and system simulation methods. DOCHP advances design sizing and performance optimization methods for building integrated thermal and electrical energy generation systems through the application of an evolutionary artificial intelligence-based genetic algorithm and its ability to resolve to non-linear optimization with discrete constraints while considering non-linear part-load generation set performance curves.
Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, July 2017
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Title: Cobalt-Tungsten Carbide Alloy and Process
Creator: Holtz, Frederick C
Date: 4/24/2009, 1970-05-19
Description: Sponsorship: IIT Research Institute
United States Patent

Title: Method of Making a Tortilla Flour
Creator: Lloyd, William R., Millares Sotres, Ricardo
Date: 1952-02-05
Description: Sponsorship: Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology
United States Patent

Title: ULTRALOW POWER SRAM DESIGN IN NEAR THRESHOLD REGION USING 45NM CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Creator: Chen, Yinhui
Date: 2011-05-10, 2011-05
Description: With the development of CMOS technology, the performance including power dissipation and operation speed is highly concerned for SRAM design....
Show moreWith the development of CMOS technology, the performance including power dissipation and operation speed is highly concerned for SRAM design. Desirable low power consumption while operating fast is the goal of design and improvement. However, the tradeoff between performance and speed is one of the most challenging obstacles that engineers are facing. Along with continuously scaling in the process technology, the concern for stability of Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) is increasing in the design and test. Maintaining an acceptable Static Noise Margin (SNM) as well as scaling the minimum feature sizes and supply voltages of the Systems-on-a-Chip (SoC) becomes more and more challenging. Subthreshold leakage, dynamic power consumption and delay are major issues for circuits design, especially for SRAM design. Subthreshold leakage and dynamic power consumption can be decreased while supply voltage is scaled down. However, this may dramatically increase the circuit delay (Lindert, 1999) (Wang, 2004) (Zhai, 2004). In this dissertation, we first prepared fundamental knowledge of the CMOS technology as well as SRAM. According to the current researches on SRAM (Chang, 2005) (Chen, 2010), we proposed a novel 6t SRAM design which operates in near threshold region to optimize leakage power and speed. Negative word line is introduced to reduce the leakage current. A novel Latch-type voltage sense amplifier is proposed to improve the read speed of the proposed SRAM cell. The proposed SRAM design is implemented in 45nm technology and achieves more than 50% for power reduction, 68% for leakage reduction, 90% for write delay reduction and 78% for read delay reduction compared to traditional 6T SRAM in near threshold region. Although the proposed 6T SRAM inherit the disadvantage of 4T schematic in data retention, the operation stability is still respectable.
M.S. in Electrical Engineering, May 2011
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Title: Recording Apparatus and Method for Making Duplicate Magnetic Records
Creator: Camras, Marvin
Date: 1956-05-22
Description: Sponsorship: Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology
United States Patent

Title: Transducer Machine
Creator: Camras, Marvin
Date: 4/23/2009, 1966-06-07
Description: Sponsorship: IIT Research Institute
United States Patent

Title: Transducer System
Creator: Camras, Marvin
Date: 2009-05-04, 1974-07-16
Description: A longitudinal scan transducing apparatus for use with a television receiver comprising a magnetic transducer head having transverse...
Show moreA longitudinal scan transducing apparatus for use with a television receiver comprising a magnetic transducer head having transverse conductors for supplying high frequency bias, tape transport features including a damping pad acting on the tape adjacent the head for damping high frequency vibration at the head, head shifting and tape reversal features, and television set adapter circuitry for supplying a wide-band video signal and for stabilizing reproduced sync signals.
Sponsorship: IIT Research Institute
United States Patent
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Title: Electromagnetic Head
Creator: Wiegand, David E.
Date: 1958-10-07
Description: Sponsorship: Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology
United States Patent

Title: Jet Aeroacoustics
Creator: Raman, Ganesh
Date: 2008
Publisher: Multi-Science Pub.

Title: Method for Recycling Electric Arc Furnace Dust
Creator: Sresty, Guggilam C.
Date: 2009-05-08, 1991-05-07
Description: This invention relates to the metallurgy of iron and particularly to the separation and recovery of metals from electric arc furnace (EAF)...
Show moreThis invention relates to the metallurgy of iron and particularly to the separation and recovery of metals from electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts. While the invention discloses a process for the separation and recovery applicable to zinc, lead, cadmium and antimony contained in such EAF dusts, the invention is particularly applicable to the separation and recovery of zinc. This invention describes a method for reducing the zinc contained in an EAF dust, volatilizing the metallic zinc so produced from the mass of the dust, and reoxidizing the metallic zinc to zinc oxide along with the simultaneous regeneration of hydrogen which can be recycled to treat additional EAF dust.
Sponsorship: IIT Research Institute
United States Patent
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Title: SURVIVAL AND ATTACHMENT OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA ON ALMOND, HAZELNUT, AND BLACK PEPPER
Creator: Zhai, Yang
Date: 2016, 2016-05
Description: S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST) are the two most common Salmonella enterica serovars that cause foodborne illnesses in U.S....
Show moreS. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST) are the two most common Salmonella enterica serovars that cause foodborne illnesses in U.S. Outbreaks of these serovars have been attributed to low moisture foods such as nuts and spices. However, little is known about the mechanisms of attachment on low moisture food surfaces. This study evaluated the associations between attachment and survival of Salmonella enterica serovars, storage temperatures, and surface characteristics of selected food samples. In the study, S. Enteritidis PT4 and S. Typhimurium LT2 were inoculated onto the surfaces of black peppercorns, almonds and hazelnuts at ~108 CFU/g. After 2 h air-drying, samples were stored at 4 and 25°C with 58 ± 2% relative humidity for up to 14 d. At specific time points, the food sample were washed two times in 1 × Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) to remove attached bacterial cells. The bacterial suspensions were serially diluted and plated on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar plates for enumeration. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the survival and attachment of SE and ST under all the conditions. ST can survive and attach better than SE at both 4 and 25°C. The decline rates on almonds, hazelnuts, and black peppercorns at 25°C were 0.348 ± 0.017, 0.273 ± 0.015, and 0.196 ± 0.017 log CFU/g per day for SE and 0.077 ± 0.008, 0.157 ± 0.008, and 0.048 ± 0.005 log CFU/g per day for ST, respectively. The attachment rates on almonds, hazelnuts and black peppercorns at 25°C were 18.71 ± 14.38, 1.56 ± 1.50, and 4.68 ± 0.76% for SE and 38.46 ± 11.32, 18.45 ± 7.73, and 56.30 ± 14.72% for ST, respectively. In addition, low temperature (i.e. 4°C) may contribute more to the survival of Salmonella than ambient temperature (i.e. 25°C). Certain surface characteristics (roughness & hydrophobicity) of hazelnut may probably result in weaker attachment of both Salmonella serovars. The results can be used to better understand the physiology of Salmonella enterica on low moisture foods and aid in developing effective control measures to reduce pathogen contamination.
M.S. in Food Safety and Technology, May 2016
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