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Title: EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON BODY DISSATISFACTION AND EATING PATHOLOGY: UPWARD VERSUS DOWNWARD COMPARISONS
Creator: Badillo, Krystal Elizabeth
Date: 2019
Description: Research has been limited in assessing the different impacts of social media platforms on body dissatisfaction, apart from Facebook. In...
Show moreResearch has been limited in assessing the different impacts of social media platforms on body dissatisfaction, apart from Facebook. In addition, most studies have measured social media use by only assessing time. This study aimed to test experimental effects of social comparison on body dissatisfaction (BD) and desire to engage in eating behaviors. In addition, a mediation model was tested of the association between social media use and BD via social comparison. Participants viewed one of two live public Instagram profiles and were asked questions that facilitated individuals comparing their appearance to the Instagram profile. A total of 74 women completed questionnaires regarding social media use, body image, and eating disorder psychopathology. It was found that regardless of condition, desire to eat decreased after profile views, but there was no change in BD. The mediation model suggests that there was a significant indirect effect of increased BD and importance of Instagram through social comparison. Results suggest that, contrary to earlier work, overall social media use may not negatively impact BD as previously thought. Rather, it appears that trait level factors such as social comparison negatively influence BD while using social media.
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Title: Exploring the experience of work-family conflict among low-wage, immigrant workers
Creator: Pickett, Meghan
Date: 2019
Description: Work-family conflict is a well-studied and long-standing construct; however, there is a fundamental gap in our understanding of the construct...
Show moreWork-family conflict is a well-studied and long-standing construct; however, there is a fundamental gap in our understanding of the construct when it is applied to minority populations. The current study considered a unique group who sit at an intersection of challenges – low-wage, immigrant workers – to identify if traditional antecedents were predictive in this new group. Additional conceptualizations of work-family conflict are also considered. Results suggest that typical antecedents do not display the same significance and that alternative measures of work-family conflict should be considered. Conclusions and implications to the study of work-family conflict research are discussed.
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Title: Testing Relational Proximity as a Moderator of Associations Between Marital Satisfaction and Health
Creator: Yoder, Wren
Date: 2019
Description: Individuals with high marital satisfaction tend to have better health and engage in healthier behaviors than those with low marital...
Show moreIndividuals with high marital satisfaction tend to have better health and engage in healthier behaviors than those with low marital satisfaction. Multiple studies have explored satisfaction-health associations for married individuals in proximal relationships (PR), but no known study has tested these associations for married individuals in long distance relationships (LDR). LDR is a relationship arrangement that challenges traditional conceptions of romantic relationships and physical closeness. Related, recent empirical work indicates marital satisfaction-health associations may be weaker in LDR than PR due to unique relational and individual factors. The current study tested whether marital satisfaction-health associations are moderated by relational proximity (i.e. LDR vs. PR). We used an adult, married sample of individuals in LDR and PR (N=293) who completed an online survey on relationships and health. Unexpectedly, moderation results suggested that associations between marital satisfaction and health did not differ by relational proximity. One potential difference emerged: Marital satisfaction was associated with satisfaction with functioning for those in PR, but not LDR. Overall, study findings challenge recent empirical work reporting between-group, relationship-health differences between PR and LDR. Clinicians can utilize our findings to improve treatment for couples and families in LDR. Future research should utilize actor-partner interdependence models and longitudinal studies to further elucidate the associations between marital satisfaction and health for individuals in this unique but increasingly prevalent relationship arrangement.
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Title: Buried in stigma: Experimental investigation of the impact of hoarding depictions in reality television on public perception
Creator: Bates, Sage
Date: 2019
Description: Hoarding disorder (HD) has been newly classified as a distinct mental disorder and is a considerable public health concern. Treatment...
Show moreHoarding disorder (HD) has been newly classified as a distinct mental disorder and is a considerable public health concern. Treatment ambivalence is a problem in this clinical population, and stigma of HD may be one potential factor contributing to an unwillingness to seek treatment. However, stigma of HD has been understudied, despite the media often perpetuating severe and negative representations of individuals with HD. This study is the first to investigate experimentally the impact of a popular reality television show on attitudes and beliefs about individuals with HD. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions in which they watched popular television shows with varying degrees of clutter: Hoarders (high clutter depiction), Clean House (medium clutter depiction), and House Hunters (low clutter depiction). Participant attitudes and beliefs were evaluated before and after the episode viewing. Results of the study showed that participants who viewed A&E’s Hoarders desired more social distance from individuals with HD—an index of stigma—after viewing the television show, compared to the other groups. The interaction effects of two additional indices of stigma based on watching Hoarders approached statistical significance. There were also significant effects found for other indices of stigma. The present experimental study contributes to the very small body of research investigating stigma of HD and possible causes of treatment ambivalence in individuals living with HD.
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Title: The Impact of Knowledge, Self-efficacy, and Stigma on STI Testing Intention among College Students
Creator: Thomas, Julia
Date: 2019
Description: Young people (ages 15-24) account for over half of the new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) each year in the United States (CDC...
Show moreYoung people (ages 15-24) account for over half of the new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) each year in the United States (CDC, 2016). The current study examined how knowledge, self-efficacy, and stigma are associated with STI testing intention among sexually active college students using path model analysis. Data were collected via an online survey (N = 76, 54% female). STI testing intention was measured using a 5-point Likert scale for eight STIs referenced in the Brief Sexual History Tool (CDC, 2018). These items comprised an intention scale with high internal consistency for this sample (α = .97). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS AMOS and MacKinnon’s ab product approach in RMediation was used to test mediating effects. The predicted path model fit the data well and the relationships between self-efficacy and knowledge, label avoidance, and intention were significant. Mediation analysis revealed significant indirect paths for knowledge and label avoidance on STI testing intention through self-efficacy. These findings indicate that self-efficacy directly impacts college students’ STI testing intention, while knowledge and label avoidance indirectly impact intention through self-efficacy. Findings suggest that providers and college health clinics may be able to increase the frequency of STI testing behavior by promoting strategies to increase students’ self-efficacy.
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Title: Emotion Regulation Flexibility and Eating Pathology
Creator: Dougherty, Elizabeth
Date: 2019
Description: Research suggests that individuals with eating disorders use more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in response to emotional distress....
Show moreResearch suggests that individuals with eating disorders use more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in response to emotional distress. However, these studies do not consider that the efficacy of emotion regulation strategies vary across situations. Recent evidence suggests that healthy emotion regulation is characterized by an ability to flexibly choose between emotion regulation strategies across changing contexts. Despite evidence supporting this conceptualization of healthy emotion regulation, no research has investigated it in relation to eating pathology. This study examined whether eating pathology and difficulties in emotion regulation were associated with emotion regulation choice patterns and flexibility. Female college students (N = 50) completed self-report questionnaires and a laboratory-based emotion regulation choice task to assess emotion regulation flexibility. Generalized estimating equations indicated that individuals with higher levels of eating pathology displayed similar emotion regulation choice patterns and flexibility as those with low levels of eating pathology. Individuals who displayed specific types of emotion regulation difficulties (i.e., emotional clarity, emotional awareness and impulse control difficulties) displayed different emotion regulation choice patterns and flexibility compared to individuals without such difficulties. These results suggest that specific difficulties in emotion regulation have a greater influence on emotion regulation choice patterns and flexibility than eating pathology.
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Title: The Moderating Role of Goal Orientation In Gamified Instruction : An Extension of The Theory of Gamified Learning
Creator: Garcia Marquez, Caribay
Date: 2019
Description: Despite the increasing interest in gamification, a review of the gamification literature by Seaborn and Fels (2015) found that very few...
Show moreDespite the increasing interest in gamification, a review of the gamification literature by Seaborn and Fels (2015) found that very few articles addressed the connection between theoretical considerations and empirical findings. Landers (2014) developed the theory of gamified learning to provide researchers with a framework to explore the effect of gamification on learning outcomes. The present study empirically tested the mediational process of Lander’s (2014) theory of gamified learning as well as proposed and tested an extension to examine the moderating role of an individual difference. Specifically, this study explored the moderating role of goal orientation on the mediational pathway from Assessment game attributes (i.e., badge, progress bar and combined) to self-efficacy to learning outcomes (i.e., declarative knowledge, skill demonstration and job-search self-efficacy). A gamified resume course was developed for this study on a gamification platform called Gametize. Participants were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and instructed to respond to a pre-course questionnaire containing demographic information and the goal orientation assessment, they were then directed to the Gametize website to complete the gamified resume course after which they were re-directed to Qualtrics to complete a post-course questionnaire collecting job-search self-efficacy measures. Results show there was insufficient evidence to support the predictions based on the theory of gamified learning, and moreover the hypothesized moderating effect of goal orientation. Nonetheless, an interesting outcome of this study was the significant interaction of the badge condition with LGO and APGO, suggesting badges can help improve self-efficacy in a gamified learning experience. A unique contribution of this study is a blueprint for examining individual differences as an extension of the theory of gamified learning. Practical implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Title: Factor Analysis of a Stigma Measure for Adults with Autism
Creator: Beedle, Robert Brian
Date: 2019
Description: This study evaluates a measurement tool for public stigma of adults with autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability...
Show moreThis study evaluates a measurement tool for public stigma of adults with autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability affecting individuals’ sensory experiences, behaviors, and social interactions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Current literature has examined public stigma of ASD through qualitative methods and select attitude and social distance scales, consistently reporting lower levels of negative attitudes when disclosure of ASD diagnosis is provided (Gray, 2002; Hennegan, 2010; Obeid et al, 2015). Other research suggests adults with ASD frequently experience stigma and discrimination in their daily lives across settings (MacLeod, Lewis, & Roberson, 2013; Nicolaidis et al, 2015; Thibault, 2014). Previous research has not examined whether known processes of stigma (i.e., Attribution Theory, Danger Appraisal models) are applicable to understanding the stigma reported by this population. In the current study a commonly used measure of the stigma of mental illness (Attribution Questionnaire 27) was administered to determine its psychometric properties when applied to adults with ASD. Examination of a previous measurement model for this questionnaire on a sample of participants (N = 160) indicated lack of model fit. A larger sample (N = 306) was collected to determine the data-driven factor structure of this measure. A series of exploratory factor analyses indicates a three-factor, 24-item solution that displays strong psychometric properties, as well as convergent validity with other measures of attitudes towards disabilities and ASD. Results of this study suggest additional need to research the topic of stigma towards adults with ASD.
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Title: THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND TRAIT ANXIETY SYMPTOMS AND MATERNAL UTTERANCES DURING SONOGRAM PROCEDURES
Creator: Hamilton, Catharine Elizabeth
Date: 2018
Description: The present study examines the relation between depression and trait anxiety symptoms and women’s utterances during a routine ultrasound...
Show moreThe present study examines the relation between depression and trait anxiety symptoms and women’s utterances during a routine ultrasound procedure in the second trimester of pregnancy. Participants included a diverse group of 70 women seeking prenatal care at an academic medical center in the Midwestern United States. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) depression subscale and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), trait form were used to assess symptoms of depression and trait anxiety, respectively. Audio and video of participants’ faces during the ultrasound examination were used to assess the content, sentiment, and number of utterances. Results of regression analyses indicated that higher levels of depression symptoms were significantly related to a lower proportion of fetus-related utterances to total utterances. Higher levels of depression symptoms and trait anxiety were significantly related to a lower proportion of positive fetus-related utterances to total fetus-related utterances, after controlling for gestational age. Higher levels of depression symptoms were significantly related to a higher proportion of negative-fetus-related utterances to total fetus-related utterances, after controlling for education. These findings suggest that pregnant women who are experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety may exhibit certain types and patterns of utterances during routine prenatal sonogram procedures. Thus, observation of pregnant women’s naturalistic speech may provide helpful supplemental information to the traditional self-report measure in screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Title: Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Does it predict parenting outcomes?
Creator: Desai, Shivani S.
Date: 2018
Description: Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) predicts critical aspects of the caregiver-child relationship, including parental sensitivity and engagement....
Show moreMaternal-fetal attachment (MFA) predicts critical aspects of the caregiver-child relationship, including parental sensitivity and engagement. However, little is known about the relation between MFA and specific parenting beliefs and attitudes that contribute to these positive parenting behaviors, such as parenting sense of competence and parenting stress. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine if MFA predicts specific domains of parenting sense of competence and parenting stress when children are two years of age. Participants included 53 mainly Caucasian women with a mean age of 33.9 years. MFA was assessed during pregnancy (mean gestational age = 27.02 weeks) using the Maternal Fetal Attachment Questionnaire. Parenting sense of competence and stress were assessed when the children were 2 years of age with the Parenting Sense of Competence questionnaire and the Parenting Stress Index questionnaire. Results of regression analyses indicated that higher levels of MFA significantly predicted higher levels of parenting satisfaction, a domain of parenting sense of competence. They also indicated that higher levels of MFA predicted lower levels of two domains of parenting stress, including stress associated with attachment and role restriction. These findings suggest that prenatal attachment is important to assess during pregnancy, as it may predict future parenting beliefs and attitudes, including sense of competence and stress.
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Title: Correlating Veterans' Employment Status by Analysis of Recovery from the Recovery Assessment Scale-Short Form
Creator: Avezuela-Perez, Margaret
Date: 2020
Description: Past research has examined the low employment rates in veterans with serious mental illness (SMI) (Zivin et al., 2011) and the research...
Show morePast research has examined the low employment rates in veterans with serious mental illness (SMI) (Zivin et al., 2011) and the research suggests that the benefits of employment for veterans are improved mental health symptoms, better finances, and better self-esteem (Bond et al., 2001). The specific relationship between employment and recovery from SMI in individuals has been examined (Drake et al., 2001; Bond et al., 2001; Modini et al., 2016). Previous research has not examined the correlation between recovery from SMI and employment, specifically in a population of veterans with SMI. The current study examines the relationship between recovery and employment of veterans with SMI, using the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) as a measure of recovery. A logistic regression analysis yielded that no relationship was found between recovery and employment status. Results of this study suggest there may be other factors affecting the relationship between these two factors. Moreover, there is the possibility that there is no relationship between recovery and employment.
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Title: THE MODERATING AND MEDIATING ROLE OF SELF-REPORTED FAMILY ACCOMMODATION ON THE RELATION BETWEEN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION IN AN ADULT, CLINICAL SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUALS IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
Creator: De Leonardis, Andrew J
Date: 2020
Description: Severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) is associated with treatment resistance, and in an interpersonal context, is associated with...
Show moreSeverity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) is associated with treatment resistance, and in an interpersonal context, is associated with increased relationship distress and decreased relationship satisfaction. In addition, caregivers for those with clinical levels of OCS often engage in family accommodation (FA) behaviors that serve as an extension of the OCD patient’s compulsive behavior. However, the literature on the interchange of OCS, FA, and relationship satisfaction is limited in scope because it focuses mainly on the perspective of the caregiver or partner of the individual with OCD. The current study aims to address this limitation by examining OCS, FA, and relationship satisfaction variables from the perspective of the individual with OCD. Participants included 78 adults with self-reported OCD who were recruited in the US through clinics and clinicians specializing in OCD treatment, as well as from OCD non-profit organizations to target non-treatment-seeking participants. After controlling for demographic variables, results indicated the following: (1) a significant positive association between OCS and FA, (2) a significant negative association between OCS and relationship satisfaction, and (3) a lack of an interaction between FA and OCS when predicting relationship satisfaction. However, the third result was trending towards significance and may be statistically underpowered. Exploratory analyses found FA to be a partial mediator of the association of OCS and relationship satisfaction. The findings support current trends in the research literature as well as contradict extant research on the associations between OCS, FA, and relationship satisfaction. Additionally, findings continue to show the importance of addressing family accommodation in treatment of individuals with OCD.
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Title: Developing Leader Identity via Structured Reflection
Creator: Standish, Melanie P.
Date: 2020
Description: As leader identity research in the context of leader development continues to expand, it is important to understand the mechanisms through...
Show moreAs leader identity research in the context of leader development continues to expand, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which leader identity becomes more central to one’s self concept. Structured leadership reflection is proposed to positively impact leader development but has not been experimentally manipulated to understand what its impact is on leader identity change. In this study, 90 participants were assigned into one of three reflection conditions and were asked to respond to reflection prompts over the course of four days. Participants were divided into the control condition, the reflecting on others as leaders condition, or the reflecting on oneself as a leader condition. Results showed no significant differences between reflection groups and their impact on leader identity change. Though our results do not provide support for the use of structured reflection to elicit leader identity development, we suggest future research should further study structured self-reflection over a longer period of time.
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Title: Eating Pathology Among Ethnic Subgroups of Latinas: An Examination of Acculturative Stress and Ethnic Identity
Creator: Quinones, Isabel Cristina
Date: 2021
Description: Latin women (Latinas) in the U.S may experience acculturative stress if ethnic group pressures regarding body ideals differ from the U.S. body...
Show moreLatin women (Latinas) in the U.S may experience acculturative stress if ethnic group pressures regarding body ideals differ from the U.S. body ideal. As a population consisting of multiple countries, the distinct cultures and customs among subgroups may impact how women from heterogeneous Latino countries/cultures perceive acceptable body weight and shape, as body ideals are culturally constructed. Furthermore, an individual’s ethnic identity level may impact the way acculturative stress relates to eating pathology. This study investigated 1) acculturative stress as a mediator of the relationbetween ethnic group and eating pathology among specific Latina subgroups, and 2) ethnic identity as a moderator of the association between ethnic group and acculturative stress, acculturative stress and eating pathology, and ethnic group and eating pathology. Mexican (n=30), Puerto Rican (n=31), Cuban (n=29), and non-Hispanic, White (n=30) women living in the U.S. were recruited via Prolific Academic to complete self-report questionnaires regarding ethnic group, ethnic identity level, acculturative stress, and eating pathology. Moderated mediation analyses supported a significant indirect effect of ethnic group on body dissatisfaction, binge eating, purging, restricting, excessive exercise, and negative attitudes towards obesity through acculturative stress, such that group differences were mediated by acculturative stress levels. Further, the association between acculturative stress and body dissatisfaction was dependent on strength of ethnic identity; there was a positive simple slope for women with low and moderate levels of ethnic identification (low b = 2.30, moderate b = 1.36, both p <0.001) but not for those with high ethnic identity (b = 0.52, p = 0.22), suggesting that a higher ethnic identification may be protective against the development of body dissatisfaction in Latinas experiencing acculturative stress. Findings support the importance of separating heterogeneous subgroups of Latinas and explicitly assessing acculturative stress. Assessment and preventive action should include addressing increased acculturative stress and the risk it may pose for Latinas endorsing eating pathology given that the combination of ethnic group, acculturative stress, and ethnic identity may pose an increased risk for Latina individuals vulnerable to eating pathology.
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Title: The Public Stigma of Tourette Syndrome
Creator: Tooley, Anastasia Cherise
Date: 2021
Description: There is a dearth of quantitative research examining the public stigma of Tourette syndrome (TS), and no known studies assessing public...
Show moreThere is a dearth of quantitative research examining the public stigma of Tourette syndrome (TS), and no known studies assessing public perceptions of difference (how similar they are), disdain (how bad they are), and blame (how responsible they are) toward individuals with TS. The current study sought to understand the public stigma of TS as a visible and unconcealable condition. An internet sample of 450 adults were recruited through MTurk. Participants read four brief vignettes, each describing an adolescent with TS, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or a history of juvenile detention. Results showed TS to be associated with neutral or negative public perceptions across stigma facets. When compared to OCD and ASD, vignettes describing TS were viewed with similar difference, disdain, and blame. TS was least familiar to participants. Findings highlight differences in stigma for concealable versus visible stigmatized conditions which has implications for future research and anti-stigma interventions.
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Title: BURNOUT AMONG SEXUAL MINORITIES: THE ROLE OF CONCEALMENT, RUMINATION, AND ORGANIZATIONAL NON-DISCRIMINATION POLICIES
Creator: Burke, Margaret
Date: 2021
Description: Employee burnout is detrimental to individuals (e.g., physical and mental health concerns), as well as to organizations (e.g., diminished...
Show moreEmployee burnout is detrimental to individuals (e.g., physical and mental health concerns), as well as to organizations (e.g., diminished performance). Although numerous studies have examined burnout across a variety of industries and populations, there are limited studies that have examined burnout specifically among sexual minority employees, referring to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) workers. This study integrated Meyer’s (2003) Minority Stress Model and Hatzenbuehler’s (2009) Psychological Mediation Framework to investigate the role of concealment, rumination, and non-discrimination organizational policies on burnout among 406 sexual minority employees working in a variety of industries (e.g., healthcare, retail, education, etc.). To test the relationships between these variables, a mediation model and a mediation with moderation model was tested using Hayes’ (2018) Process macro. Results indicated that concealing one’s sexual orientation at work was positively related to rumination, and in turn, was positively related to burnout. Contrary to one of the hypotheses, organizational non-discrimination policies that were inclusive of sexual minorities did not moderate the relationship between concealment and burnout. Previous research, implications, and limitations to this study are discussed in detail.
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Title: EXAMINING THE ROLES OF PUBLIC STIGMA AND ACCULTURATION ON CARE-SEEKING IN PAKISTANIS
Creator: Laique, Aamir
Date: 2021
Description: Pakistani Americans face bi-directional cultural influences related to their heritage culture and the mainstream culture of the host. The...
Show morePakistani Americans face bi-directional cultural influences related to their heritage culture and the mainstream culture of the host. The present study examined the impact of culture on the relationship between public stigma and care-seeking attitudes. A sample of 158 Pakistani Americans was collected using MTurk. Hierarchical regression was conducted to examine the moderating effect of heritage acculturation and mainstream acculturation on the relationship between public stigma and care-seeking. Multiple regression analysis predicting care-seeking from public stigma, heritage acculturation, and mainstream acculturation did not yield a statistically significant model. Hierarchical regression analyses examining the moderating effect of heritage acculturation and mainstream acculturation were non-significant. Acculturation had no notable impact on stigma and care-seeking. This study was unable to demonstrate significant results. Future considerations should include inter-generational differences, other forms of stigma that may play a crucial role, and inclusion of different measures to determine if there are other scales better suited for the target population.
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Title: Exploring differences in eating disorder symptomatology and treatment outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual women in eating disorder treatment programs
Creator: Murray, Matthew Ford
Date: 2020
Description: Research on eating disorder (ED) symptomatology in sexual minority (SM) women is limited and has demonstrated inconsistent findings with...
Show moreResearch on eating disorder (ED) symptomatology in sexual minority (SM) women is limited and has demonstrated inconsistent findings with respect to how they differ from heterosexual women. Further, many studies combine SM women into one group, potentially masking important sub-group differences. Existing data appears to suggest that SM women may be at similar or increased risk for certain types of disordered eating behaviors and present with body image concerns that may differ from heteronormative female body ideals. However, it is unclear how weight and shape control behaviors differ across sexual orientations in women seeking treatment for EDs, and if there are differences in treatment outcomes. The present study used analyses of variance and covariance to test 1) group differences in frequency and severity of ED symptomatology and 2) differences in group by time interaction effects as an indicator of treatment outcomes in a sample of 3,120 adult women of diverse sexual orientations who presented for ED treatment between 2015 and 2018. Participants identified their sexuality as heterosexual, lesbian, bisexual, or other/unsure. Results indicated notable group differences in ED symptoms upon admission to treatment. Bisexual women, in particular, presented to treatment at younger ages, with higher BMIs, and more severe illnesses than heterosexual women. Further, results from the present study suggest that despite such differences, women across sexual orientation groups achieved similar treatment outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of subgroup analyses of ED symptoms in SM women and have both clinical and research implications related to ED psychopathology in this population.
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Title: Testing Models of Minority Stress and Cognitive Escape in a Large Sample of Lesbian/Gay Individuals
Creator: Manser, Kelly
Date: 2020
Description: Compared to heterosexual individuals, gay/lesbian individuals experience health and sociopolitical disparities. Health disparities include...
Show moreCompared to heterosexual individuals, gay/lesbian individuals experience health and sociopolitical disparities. Health disparities include higher prevalence of binge drinking, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among gay/lesbian individuals. Sociopolitical disparities are rooted in structural stigma and include policies and norms that fail to protect, or actively discriminate against, gay/lesbian individuals. These health and sociopolitical disparities can be understood by converging two theories previously tested among gay/lesbian individuals – minority stress and cognitive escape. Minority stress theory asserts factors such as structural stigma may relate to proximal stress and negative health sequelae in targeted minority groups, while cognitive escape theory suggests escape-related behaviors like substance use may mediate links between systemic factors and individual health. This study used binary logistic regressions to test mediation models in which substance use mediated links between structural stigma and health within a large sample of gay/lesbian individuals. Structural stigma was operationalized as number of sexual orientation anti-discrimination laws, health was operationalized as presence versus absence of any CVD conditions, and substance use was operationalized as binge drinking and tobacco use. Models were tested in an aggregated sample, and also in sex/gender subsamples. In bivariate and component-path analyses, structural stigma predicted smoking frequency across samples. Stigma-binge drinking linkages were more salient among lesbian women compared to gay men. According to Sobel tests, smoking status mediated the stigma-CVD status relation for males-only and combined-sex samples. Study strengths, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Title: An experimental study on the effects of partial sleep deprivation on disordered-eating urges and behaviors
Creator: Johnson, Nicole Kathryn
Date: 2020
Description: Previous research has linked sleep disturbances with disordered eating. Studies have also shown that one night of partial sleep deprivation...
Show morePrevious research has linked sleep disturbances with disordered eating. Studies have also shown that one night of partial sleep deprivation causes increases in food intake and appetite disturbances. However, the effects of sleep deprivation on disordered eating are unclear as research has yet to examine the effects of one night of partial sleep deprivation (≤ 4 hours of sleep) on disordered eating in a representative adult female sample. Adult, female participants (N=40) completed eligibility and baseline measures reporting medical conditions, eating disorder symptoms, sleep disturbances, depressed mood, and anxiety symptoms. Participants were randomized to either the sleep-deprived condition (~50% of their average sleep duration) or the habitual-sleep condition (~100% of their average sleep duration). The morning after the sleep condition, participants completed self-report appetite and disordered eating measures before and after consuming a test meal and later that evening. The following statistical analyses, adjusted for multiple comparisons (p<0.002), found no significant group differences: independent samples t-tests (outcome: pre-meal appetite, disordered eating, and test-meal consumption), multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs; outcome: pre- and post-meal area under the curve disordered eating and appetite), repeated measures ANOVAs (time X group; outcome: pre- and post-meal appetite and disordered eating), analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs; controlling for pre-meal ratings; outcome: disordered eating at follow-up), and chi-square tests (outcome: follow-up appetite and disordered eating). Despite finding no support for the effect of sleep deprivation on disordered eating, this study extends previous research as a novel study using the experimental manipulation of sleep deprivation to examine its effects on disordered eating.
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