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Comparing Complex Network and Latent Factor Models of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Title
Comparing Complex Network and Latent Factor Models of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Creator
Smetter, Joseph
Date
2019
Description
Research on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model...
Show moreResearch on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model that conceptualizessymptoms as the result of a single underlying disease process, and the Dual VulnerabilityModel (Young et al., 1991) which posits that psychological symptoms of depressionfollow the onset of vegetative symptoms (e.g. hypersomnia, increased appetite) inindividuals with a vulnerability to seasonal changes. Studies of the structure of SADsymptomatology have been limited in their ability to evaluate these models. This studyused exploratory factor analysis and network analysis to examine baseline winter SADsymptoms (using a modified BDI-II) in 177 adults participating in a randomizedcontrolled trial of light treatment and CBT for SAD (Rohan et al., 2015). The factoranalysis supported a four-factor model that included negative cognition/affect, loss ofvitality, dysregulation, and increases in weight/appetite. The complex network model ofSAD conceptualized the network as a system of interacting symptoms. Results of thenetwork model paralleled those of the factor analysis in producing four communities ofinter-correlated symptoms. In addition to the full symptom network, a directed acyclicgraph was constructed to model causal relations between symptoms. Results suggest thatvegetative symptoms (loss of vitality and appetite/weight) lead ultimately to cognitivesymptoms, with intermediate effects of dysregulation symptoms. This partially supportsthe Dual Vulnerability model. Findings from the factor analysis and the network analysisare compared, and their implications for and treatment of SAD is discussed.
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How Does Self-Stigma Influence Functionality in People with Serious Mental Illness? A Multiple Mediation Model of "Why-Try" Effect, Coping Resources, and Personal Recovery
Title
How Does Self-Stigma Influence Functionality in People with Serious Mental Illness? A Multiple Mediation Model of "Why-Try" Effect, Coping Resources, and Personal Recovery
Creator
Qin, Sang
Date
2022
Description
People with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a...
Show morePeople with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a person's execution of tasks (i.e., activities) and engagement in life situations (i.e., participation). This study used a path model to examine three mediating factors between self-stigma and functionality: The "why-try" effect, coping resources, and personal recovery. Specifically, the “why-try” effect was viewed as an extension of self-stigma harm that occurred when people suffered from a loss of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Coping resources were conceptualized as individuals’ strengths and the support they had to overcome negative stigma outcomes, particularly stigma stress. Endorsement of personal recovery, namely pursuing self-defined life goals despite illness—had a buffering effect reducing self-stigma. These three mediators were examined simultaneously using an archival dataset. Due to poor internal consistency, coping resources were eventually removed from the model; the subsequent, revised model achieved a good model fit. Results showed that people with SMI experiencing self-stigma were found to have an enhanced "why-try" effect as well as reduced personal recovery, leading to a decline in functionality. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.
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