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Comparing Complex Network and Latent Factor Models of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Title
Comparing Complex Network and Latent Factor Models of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Creator
Smetter, Joseph
Date
2019
Description
Research on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model...
Show moreResearch on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model that conceptualizessymptoms as the result of a single underlying disease process, and the Dual VulnerabilityModel (Young et al., 1991) which posits that psychological symptoms of depressionfollow the onset of vegetative symptoms (e.g. hypersomnia, increased appetite) inindividuals with a vulnerability to seasonal changes. Studies of the structure of SADsymptomatology have been limited in their ability to evaluate these models. This studyused exploratory factor analysis and network analysis to examine baseline winter SADsymptoms (using a modified BDI-II) in 177 adults participating in a randomizedcontrolled trial of light treatment and CBT for SAD (Rohan et al., 2015). The factoranalysis supported a four-factor model that included negative cognition/affect, loss ofvitality, dysregulation, and increases in weight/appetite. The complex network model ofSAD conceptualized the network as a system of interacting symptoms. Results of thenetwork model paralleled those of the factor analysis in producing four communities ofinter-correlated symptoms. In addition to the full symptom network, a directed acyclicgraph was constructed to model causal relations between symptoms. Results suggest thatvegetative symptoms (loss of vitality and appetite/weight) lead ultimately to cognitivesymptoms, with intermediate effects of dysregulation symptoms. This partially supportsthe Dual Vulnerability model. Findings from the factor analysis and the network analysisare compared, and their implications for and treatment of SAD is discussed.
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FLEXIBLE COGNITIVE STYLE MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUMINATION AND AFFECT
Title
FLEXIBLE COGNITIVE STYLE MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUMINATION AND AFFECT
Creator
Smetter, Joseph B.
Date
2014, 2014-12
Description
Prospective and longitudinal studies have demonstrated that rumination has a negative effect on mood and depression outcomes. The present...
Show moreProspective and longitudinal studies have demonstrated that rumination has a negative effect on mood and depression outcomes. The present study examined whether the type of flexible cognitive style needed to reevaluate maladaptive thoughts and interpretations (i.e. cognitive flexibility) acts as a buffer against the negative relationship between rumination and affect. Participants (N = 100) completed anonymous online surveys containing two measures of cognitive flexibility, including the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS; Beck et al., 2008) and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), as well as measures of depressive rumination and trait affect. Multiple regression-based moderation analyses showed that the tendency to be more objective, reflective, and open to feedback moderated the relationship between rumination and positive affect (PA), such that the negative relationship between rumination and PA was attenuated for individuals who were more self-reflective. We discuss the implications of this buffering effect for theories of rumination and research on protective factors, as well as its relevance to psychotherapy. A comparison of the cognitive flexibility questionnaires revealed differences in how flexible reinterpretation is measured and identified selective relationships to positive and negative affect. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for future research on cognitive styles that promote flexible reinterpretation.
M.S. in Psychology, December 2014
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