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Title: DO GENERAL EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN A BASIC PHYSICAL SCIENCE COURSE IMPROVE UPON ATTITUDES TOWARD SCIENCE LEARNING AND CONTENT MASTERY FOLLOWING VIRTUAL/REMOTE FLIPPED INSTRUCTION OR VIRTUAL/REMOTE NON – FLIPPED INQUIRY – BASED INSTRUCTION?
Creator: Martino, Robert S.
Date: 2022
Description: As we progress further into the 21st Century, high school science is being challenged on how to best deliver instruction to students. Teacher ...
Show moreAs we progress further into the 21st Century, high school science is being challenged on how to best deliver instruction to students. Teacher – centered instruction has long been de – emphasized in favor of inquiry – based instruction, although teacher – centered instruction still exists to a noticeable extent. Inquiry – based instruction, while more student – centered in its common practice, still involves the teacher as a guide during classroom direct instruction. Research has been ongoing to identify new and dynamic forms of science concept delivery that serve the needs of diversified science instruction (Keys & Bryan, 2001; Saldanha, 2007). Virtual instruction has become more commonplace, and it was fully implemented during this study. It has become incumbent upon science education researchers to explore and identify the most effective means of virtual instruction, means that are student – centered, engaging, interesting, and that both improve student science content understanding and attitudes toward science. Flipped instruction is a more recently – incorporated form of student – centered instruction that has students experiencing classroom routines at home and homework routines in class, and that is why this instruction is referred to as being “flipped.” Hunley (2016) examined teacher and student perception of flipped instruction in a science classroom, while Howell (2013) explored it in a ninth – grade physical science honors classroom. At the onset of this study, relatively few studies were available about this newer form of instruction within high school science instruction, no studies were available that involved high school general education physical science courses, and certainly no studies were available that compared virtual/flipped and non – flipped general education physical science instruction at the onset of this study. This study researched the effect of virtually – implemented flipped instruction on high school students’ understanding and attitude toward science. Instruction was completely virtual/remote (online), and at home, for all students in this study. In investigating the effect of this type of instruction, this study examined student academic performance and attitudes (and intentions and beliefs) toward science in two units of a high school Integrated Chemistry and Physics (Physical Science) course. Sixty – six students from Southlake High School, a midwestern U.S. high school, took part in the study. Sixty – four of those students took the unit assessments. Half of the students (test group) were instructed via virtual/remote flipped instruction and the other half (control group) were instructed via virtual/remote non – flipped, inquiry – based instruction during the first unit. During the second unit, the test group students who were instructed via virtual/remote flipped instruction switched with the control group and were instructed via virtual/remote non-flipped inquiry – based instruction, while the control group students who were instructed via virtual/remote non-flipped instruction were instructed via virtual/remote flipped instruction. The students in both groups were surveyed three times, using the Behaviors, Related Attitudes, and Intentions Toward Science (BRAINS) (Summers, 2016) instrument student questionnaire and survey for their attitudes (and beliefs and intentions) toward science (once prior to the first unit, once after the first unit, and once following the second unit). Student test results and survey responses were then analyzed to identify which instructional style was more effective for student learning and whether student attitudes (and intentions, and beliefs) favored one instructional style over the other. Student science attitudes (and beliefs and intentions) and academic performance were evaluated throughout the study. There was an increase in control group student science attitudes (and beliefs and intentions), from the pre – study survey to the post – unit 1 survey following their receipt of non – flipped virtual/remote instruction in the first unit. There was a lower increase in test group student science attitudes (and beliefs and intentions), from lower pre – study attitudes (compared with the control group) following the test group’s receipt of flipped virtual/remote instruction in the first unit,. Following the second unit, both the control group and test group again showed increases in attitude (and beliefs and intentions) compared with the pre – study survey results, with the control group again showing greater increases than the study group. Student academic performance favored the control group as it outperformed the test group in both the first unit and the second unit, even when the test group received the virtually – delivered flipped instruction in the first unit. The findings of the study showed that virtually implemented flipped instruction resulted in no advantage for the test group in terms of greater improvement in attitudes (or beliefs or intentions) toward science and no advantage for the test group in terms of learning science content in general education Integrated Chemistry and Physics (Physical Science). These results indicate that this form of teaching may not be effective in improving general education Physical Science student learning and student attitudes (and beliefs and intentions) toward science. Therefore, the use of virtually implemented flipped instruction in this general education science course will need to be further studied to determine its effect on student learning and student attitudes (or even beliefs and intentions) toward science.
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Title: Sensemaking for Power Asymmetries in Anti-Oppressive Design Practice
Creator: Meharry, Jessica J
Date: 2022
Description: Within professional design practice in capitalist market contexts, the goals of user-centered and human-centered design methodologies is to...
Show moreWithin professional design practice in capitalist market contexts, the goals of user-centered and human-centered design methodologies is to make algorithmically-based technologies understandable for users, satisfy customer needs and desires, and thereby increase corporate profitability. However, there is growing concern that the computational methods, data management, and business models that drive these technologies are leading to global asymmetries of knowledge, information, and power. The asymmetries of power generated by these designed interactions can be considered the kind of wicked problem that design seeks to address. Yet the dominant goals and methods of professional design practice limit their ability to design ethically within market contexts. These methodologies fail to adequately consider systemic context and power relations, potential for bias in algorithmic computation, and specific forms of systemic oppression. These gaps then lead to inadequate design solutions. This study explores these gaps in design methodologies that could be transferable to a range of professional (and non-professional) practices by looking at potential new levers within familiar design methods and their effectiveness as facilitating problem reframing towards equitable solutions. This dissertation advances knowledge in design by exploring how professional designers can better understand how to use sensemaking processes for salience of power asymmetries, algorithmic materiality, and systemic oppression. It proposes an anti-oppressive design framework that is rooted in a critically-informed design praxis. These orientations rethink and recreate design knowledge by helping professional designers shift the market-focused paradigm for which they are designing.
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Title: Comparing the effects of an adjunct brief action planning intervention to standard treatment in a heterogeneous sample of chronic pain patients
Creator: Mikrut, Cassandra Leona
Date: 2022
Description: Objectives: Behavioral treatments for chronic pain have been associated with positive outcomes, but they are often time consuming in nature....
Show moreObjectives: Behavioral treatments for chronic pain have been associated with positive outcomes, but they are often time consuming in nature. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a brief behavioral treatment for chronic pain and compare Brief Action Planning used in conjunction with treatment as usual (BAP + TAU) to TAU, on changes in pain severity, pain interference, pain self-efficacy, quality of life, and anxiety and depression in a heterogeneous sample of chronic pain patients. Methods: A total of 172 participants were recruited from an urban pain clinic. Eighty-five participants were quasi-randomly assigned to the BAP + TAU group and 87 participants were quasi-randomly assigned to the TAU control group. After completing T1 measures, two iterations of the BAP protocol were delivered to the intervention group by a trained clinician over the phone, with two weeks in between iterations. The TAU group received check-in calls, collecting brief mood and pain scores, to control for clinician contact. All participants completed T2 measures following the last phone call. Validated measures were used at T1 and T2 to examine participant outcomes. Results: Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to test the primary hypotheses that there would be a Group x Time interaction, on pain severity, pain interference, pain self-efficacy, quality of life (QOL), and anxiety and depression, such that participants assigned to the BAP + TAU group would endorse improved scores from T1 to T2, while TAU participants would not. Results showed a significant Group x Time interaction on pain severity and anxiety and depression. However, there was not a significant Group x Time interaction on pain interference, pain self-efficacy, or QOL. Discussion: These findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of BAP, as an adjunctive treatment to TAU, when provided by a trained clinician, as a treatment for reducing pain severity and anxiety and depression, in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. These results advance the current BAP literature, providing preliminary support for using BAP with individuals with a wide variety of chronic pain diagnoses.
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Title: EMBEDDING RELATIONSHIPS: THE INDIRECT EFFECTS OF WORK RELATIONSHIPS ON TURNOVER INTENT
Creator: McDonald, Jordan C.
Date: 2022
Description: With the onset of the “Great Resignation” following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, employees are quitting jobs at unprecedented levels....
Show moreWith the onset of the “Great Resignation” following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, employees are quitting jobs at unprecedented levels. Although the traditional model of turnover (Mobley, 1977; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, & Meglino, 1979) links job attitudes and turnover intentions as key determinants in understanding the turnover process, there is a growing recognition of the importance of studying contextual variables, namely social relations, in expanding our understanding of employee turnover and retention. Job embeddedness (Mitchell et al., 2001) and social capital theories (Granovetter, 1973; Burt, 1992; Lin, 1982) implicate employees’ social networks as additional factors worth investigating in understanding employee turnover. The aim of the current study was to study an expanded model of turnover by examining whether different types of social relationships at work differentially related to work experiences and attitudes that, in turn, related to turnover intentions. The current research leveraged an ego-centric method to collect information on employees’ social networks at work along with work experience and attitudinal constructs. The results of the study found that expressive relationship networks (i.e., friendship networks) had a positive, significant effect on employees’ job embeddedness, with an indication of a marginal indirect effect with organizational commitment. Surprisingly, employees’ instrumental networks were not significantly related to any work experience or attitudinal factors. There was no support for the hypothesized indirect effects linking social networks, work experiences and attitudes, and turnover intentions. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Title: Intelligent Job Scheduling on High Performance Computing Systems
Creator: Fan, Yuping
Date: 2021
Description: Job scheduler is a crucial component in high-performance computing (HPC) systems. It sorts and allocates jobs according to site policies and...
Show moreJob scheduler is a crucial component in high-performance computing (HPC) systems. It sorts and allocates jobs according to site policies and resource availability. It plays an important role in the efficient use of system resources and users satisfaction. Existing HPC job schedulers typically leverage simple heuristics to schedule jobs. However, the rapid growth in system infrastructure and the introduction of diverse workloads pose serious challenges to the traditional heuristic approaches. First, the current approaches concentrate on CPU footprint and ignore the performance of other resources. Second, the scheduling policies are manually designed and only consider some isolated job information, such as job size and runtime estimate. Such a manual design process prevents the schedulers from making informative decisions by extracting the abundant environment information (i.e., system and queue information). Moreover, they can hardly adapt to workload changes, leading to degraded scheduling performance. These challenges call for a new job scheduling framework that can extract useful information from diverse workloads and the increasingly complicated system environment, and finally make well-informed scheduling decisions in real time.In this work, we propose an intelligent HPC job scheduling framework to address these emerging challenges. Our research takes advantage of advanced machine learning and optimization methods to extract useful workload- and system-specific information and to further educate the framework to make efficient scheduling decisions under various system configurations and diverse workloads. The framework contains four major efforts. First, we focus on providing more accurate job runtime estimations. Estimated job runtime is one of the most important factors affecting scheduling decisions. However, user provided runtime estimates are highly inaccurate and existing solutions are prone to underestimation which causes jobs to be killed. We leverage and enhance a machine learning method called Tobit model to improve the accuracy of job runtime estimates at the same time reduce underestimation rate. More importantly, using TRIP’s improved job runtime estimates boosts scheduling performance by up to 45%. Second, we conduct research on multi-resource scheduling. HPC systems are undergoing significant changes in recent years. New hardware devices, such as GPU and burst buffer, have been integrated into production HPC systems, which significantly expands the schedulable resources. Unfortunately, the current production schedulers allocate jobs solely based on CPU footprint, which severely hurts system performance. In our work, we propose a framework taking all scalable resources into consideration by transforming this problem into multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem and rapid solving it via genetic algorithm. Next, we leverage reinforcement learning (RL) to automatically learn efficient workload- and system-specific scheduling policies. Existing HPC schedulers either use generalized and simple heuristics or optimization methods that ignore workload and system characteristics. To overcome this issue, we design a new scheduling agent DRAS to automatically learn efficient scheduling policies. DRAS leverages the advance in deep reinforcement learning and incorporates the key features of HPC scheduling in the form of a hierarchical neural network structure. We develop a three-phase training process to help DRAS effectively learn the scheduling environment (i.e., the system and its workloads) and to rapidly converge to an optimal policy. Finally, we explore the problem of scheduling mixed workloads, i.e., rigid, malleable and on-demand workloads, on a single HPC system. Traditionally, rigid jobs are the main tenants of HPC systems. In recent years, malleable applications, i.e., jobs that can change sizes before and during execution, are emerging on HPC systems. In addition, dedicated clusters were the main platforms to run on-demand jobs, i.e., jobs needed to be completed in the shortest time possible. As the sizes of on-demand jobs are growing, HPC systems become more cost-efficient platforms for on-demand jobs. However, existing studies do not consider the problem of scheduling all three types of workloads. In our work, we propose six mechanisms, which combine checkpointing, shrink, expansion techniques, to schedule the mixed workloads on one HPC system.
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Title: Developing Novel Optimization Algorithms Applied To Building Energy Performance and Indoor Air Quality
Creator: Faramarzi, Afshin
Date: 2021
Description: Residential and commercial buildings account for 23% of global energy use. In the United States, space heating, cooling, and lighting energy...
Show moreResidential and commercial buildings account for 23% of global energy use. In the United States, space heating, cooling, and lighting energy use accounts for 38%, 9%, and 7% of building energy consumption, which results in 54% of the total energy consumption of the building. Energy efficiency improvements in buildings require consideration of optimal design, operation, and control of building components (e.g., mechanical and envelope systems). We can address this task by taking advantage of computational optimization methods throughout the design, operation, and control processes.Non-gradient metaheuristic optimization methods known as metaheuristics are some of the most popular and widely used optimization methods in Building Performance Optimization (BPO) problems. Conventional metaheuristics usually have simple mathematical models with low rate of convergence. On the other hand, high-performance metaheuristic optimizers are efficient and usually have a fast rate of convergence, but their mathematical models are hard to understand and implement. As such, researchers are usually not inclined to employ them in solving their problems. To this end, we aimed at developing optimization algorithms which borrow simplicity from conventional methods and efficiency from high-performance optimizers to solve problems fast and efficiently while being welcomed by users from throughout the world. Therefore, the overarching objective of this work is defined to first develop novel optimization algorithms which are simple in mathematical models and still efficient in solving optimization benchmark problems and then apply the methods to building energy performance and indoor air quality (IAQ) problems. In the first objective of this work, which is the development phase, two continuous optimization methods and one binary optimizer are developed and are separately described in three different tasks. The first method called Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) is a simple method inspired by the mass balance equation in a control volume. The second optimization method called Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) is a more complicated method compared to EO and is inspired by widespread foraging strategies between marine predators in the ocean ecosystem. Finally, the third method is the binary version of an already developed equilibrium optimizer called Binary Equilibrium Optimizer (BEO). The second objective of the dissertation is the application phase which focuses on the application of the developed methods and other widely used methods in research and industry for solving the almost new BPO and IAQ problems. The results showed that the developed methods were able to either reach more energy-efficient solutions compared to the other methods or to show a considerably faster rate of convergence compared to other methods in the problems in which the optimal solutions are similarly obtained by different methods.
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Title: The Feasibility of Honeycomb Structure to Enhance Daylighting and Energy Performance for High-Rise Buildings
Creator: Geng, Camelia Mina
Date: 2022
Description: The world population is increasing at a fast rate and the projection is that there will be more than 12 billion people by the year 2050. It is...
Show moreThe world population is increasing at a fast rate and the projection is that there will be more than 12 billion people by the year 2050. It is also expected that at least 70% of the population will reside and work in urban areas (mostly cities) in some sort of high-rise building. At the same time, the climate is rapidly changing to increase the effects of man-made global warming. Conceivably, energy conservation, daylighting performance, thermal comfort and environmentally friendly high-rise buildings are necessary to facilitate sustainable working and living environments. The roles of the architects and planners are paramount at this critical era of history of mankind; for one thing they are responsible for the planning and design of sustainable high-rise buildings.Recently, there has been significant research to connect a branch of Biophilia design, which is Biomorphic architecture. This has developed a wonderful design approach, termed the Biomorphic idea. This focuses on the enhancement of the physical and psychological connection with nature, to acquire more natural light and the outside connection targeting energy saving. More and more, high-rise buildings are being designed following Biomorphic approaches. As such, these buildings are defined as sustainable and primarily, because they are energy efficient and, and in many cases tend to minimize the use of fossil fuels while promoting the use of renewable and clean energy sources. As such, a honeycomb structure approach successfully applies to high-rise building design. The intend of this research document is to simulate Biomorphic honeycomb structure which is the hexagonal rotation ring structure including 32 stories in18 different hexagon high-rise building configurations, to develop true daylighting and energy. performance. This is achieved by the using Grasshopper-Climate Studio simulation tool and multiple fuzzy mathematics for decision making. This document will provide a comparison of daylighting including sDA, ASE, sDG and the illuminance results from these 3 series of the 18 models configuring different honeycomb structures of high-rise buildings. The results prove that the hexagon honeycomb structure for high-rise building is feasibility and targets green buildings standards such as LEED V4.1 The success of the method depends on developing multiple criteria of Poisson ratio and Gaussian curvature within the hexagon structure to create different honeycomb facades and rotation of the ring for office high-rise building which is also a qualitative nature of the Biomorphic design parameters.
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Title: Two Essays on Cryptocurrency Markets
Creator: Fan, Lei
Date: 2022
Description: Understanding the dependence relationships among cryptocurrencies and equity markets is of interest to both academics and researchers. This...
Show moreUnderstanding the dependence relationships among cryptocurrencies and equity markets is of interest to both academics and researchers. This dissertation is comprised of two essays to add to this understanding. In the first essay, I investigate the interdependencies among the level of informational efficiency of four cryptocurrencies. I examine the correlations between the market efficiencies of cryptocurrencies using the rolling window method. I find that the correlations between those levels of market efficiencies are time-varying and influenced by the market condition and external events. I extend the study by employing Granger causality tests to analyze the causal relationships among these levels of market efficiency. I find that the Granger causalities among the levels of the cryptocurrency market efficiencies are time-varying and impacted by the level of the market efficiencies. In the second essay, I investigate the pairwise dependencies and causalities between the returns of the cryptocurrencies and six equity market indices. I examine the pairwise dependencies between the returns of cryptocurrencies and those of the equity indices by using the DCC-GARCH framework. I find the dynamic conditional correlations between the cryptocurrencies and equity indices are time-varying and generally weak. Furthermore, I study the causal relationship between cryptocurrencies and equity indices by employing the rolling Granger causality test. I find that the Granger causalities between cryptocurrencies and equity indices are time-varying, and more unidirectional Granger causalities are found from cryptocurrencies to equity indices. In addition, I examine the impact of cryptocurrency returns on the correlations between the equity market indices, and likewise, the impact of equity market returns on the correlations between the cryptocurrencies. I find that the cryptocurrency price fluctuations have minimal impact on the correlations between equity indices. Moreover, the dynamic conditional correlation between cryptocurrencies is unaffected by equity price innovations except for some extreme events. These findings could have implications for understanding the relationships among cryptocurrencies and equity markets and for investors wishing to incorporate these relationships in their portfolio choices.
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Title: PLAYER MOTIVATION AND TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS: INSIGHTS FROM A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF GAME-BASED LEARNING
Creator: Gandara, Daniel A.
Date: 2022
Description: Digital game-based learning (DGBL) delivers training through video games. Practitioners are using DGBL in attempts to increase motivation,...
Show moreDigital game-based learning (DGBL) delivers training through video games. Practitioners are using DGBL in attempts to increase motivation, promote learning, and increase transfer in training. Theory and models of DGBL aim to explain how motivation is created to yield these benefits, and studies have compared DGBL to traditional methods, yet the tenets of these theories remain largely unexamined. The present study tested the process-outcome link of Garris et al.’s (2002) input-process-outcome model, examined the effect of positive and negative user judgments on behavior and learning, and expanded the model to include trainee reactions and adaptive transfer. Participants (N = 254) learned about identifying misinformation online by playing Fake It to Make It, a social-impact game that teaches core critical thinking skills. Autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) panel analysis was used to analyze and compare models to test the hypothesized relationships among judgments and behavior scores across six game levels in predicting six learning outcomes, including adaptive transfer tasks evaluating online sources. Findings indicated that each judgment was predicted by its own lagged judgment and lagged behavior. Additionally, positive user judgments predicted reactions, post-training self-efficacy, and motivation to transfer, while frustration inhibited declarative knowledge. Results also demonstrated that behavior and declarative knowledge predicted performance on the adaptive transfer tasks. Research recommendations and practice implications are discussed relative to using games to deliver training with emphasis on motivational properties and targeted outcomes.
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Title: COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF CARBON CAPTURE UNIT USING AN AMINE-BASED SOLID SORBENT
Creator: Esmaeili Rad, Farnaz
Date: 2021
Description: Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is one of the key technologies to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, including that from exiting...
Show moreCarbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is one of the key technologies to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, including that from exiting flue gas of fossil fuel-fired power plants. The goal of this project is the development of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict the extent of CO2 capture in a circulating fluidized bed carbon capture unit using novel amine-based solid sorbents.In this study, first the hydrodynamics of the carbonation section of the carbon capture unit was investigated. Then, the performance of the amine-based solid sorbents toward capturing carbon dioxide from flue gas and the extent of CO2 adsorption in the carbonation section were studied. At the second stage of the study, the regeneration of the sorbents and desorption of carbon dioxide from carbonated solid sorbents in the regeneration section of the carbon capture unit was investigated. At the third stage of the study, the hydrodynamics of the entire loop of the integrated carbonation and regeneration sections were simulated. Two-dimensional non-reactive CFD simulations of the entire loop, including the carbonator, regenerator, and two loop-seal fluidized beds, were performed to study the details of the solid circulation in the system in a stable operational condition. At the fourth stage of the study, the effect of the carbonated solids’ residence time in the regeneration section was investigated by extending the regenerator fluidized bed height and adding to the volume of the system. Heated surfaces, which resembled heating coils in the regenerator cylinder, were also added to the system to investigate the effect of the temperature. The heated surface of the immersed coils in the bed provided sufficient energy for the endothermic regeneration reaction to keep the temperature of the bed at the desired temperature. Finally, the verified models of the carbonation section, the regenerations section, and non-reactive simulation of the CFB loop were used to simulate the entire circulating fluidized bed carbon capture unit, with an integrated carbonator and regenerator system using amine-based solid sorbents. The extent of CO2 capture in the carbonation section and desorption of carbon dioxide in the regeneration section were predicted. Our study showed the potential of continuous carbon capture by amine-based solid sorbents through the circulating fluidized bed CO2 capture unit.
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Title: Algorithms for Discrete Data in Statistics and Operations Research
Creator: Schwartz, William K.
Date: 2021
Description: This thesis develops mathematical background for the design of algorithms for discrete-data problems, two in statistics and one in operations...
Show moreThis thesis develops mathematical background for the design of algorithms for discrete-data problems, two in statistics and one in operations research. Chapter 1 gives some background on what chapters 2 to 4 have in common. It also defines some basic terminology that the other chapters use.Chapter 2 offers a general approach to modeling longitudinal network data, including exponential random graph models (ERGMs), that vary according to certain discrete-time Markov chains (The abstract of chapter 2 borrows heavily from the abstract of Schwartz et al., 2021). It connects conditional and Markovian exponential families, permutation- uniform Markov chains, various (temporal) ERGMs, and statistical considerations such as dyadic independence and exchangeability. Markovian exponential families are explored in depth to prove that they and only they have exponential family finite sample distributions with the same parameter as that of the transition probabilities. Many new statistical and algebraic properties of permutation-uniform Markov chains are derived. We introduce exponential random ?-multigraph models, motivated by our result on replacing ? observations of a permutation-uniform Markov chain of graphs with a single observation of a corresponding multigraph. Our approach simplifies analysis of some network and autoregressive models from the literature. Removing models’ temporal dependence but not interpretability permitted us to offer closed-form expressions for maximum likelihood estimators that previously did not have closed-form expression available. Chapter 3 designs novel, exact, conditional tests of statistical goodness-of-fit for mixed membership stochastic block models (MMSBMs) of networks, both directed and undirected. The tests employ a ?²-like statistic from which we define p-values for the general null hypothesis that the observed network’s distribution is in the MMSBM as well as for the simple null hypothesis that the distribution is in the MMSBM with specified parameters. For both tests the alternative hypothesis is that the distribution is unconstrained, and they both assume we have observed the block assignments. As exact tests that avoid asymptotic arguments, they are suitable for both small and large networks. Further we provide and analyze a Monte Carlo algorithm to compute the p-value for the simple null hypothesis. In addition to our rigorous results, simulations demonstrate the validity of the test and the convergence of the algorithm. As a conditional test, it requires the algorithm sample the fiber of a sufficient statistic. In contrast to the Markov chain Monte Carlo samplers common in the literature, our algorithm is an exact simulation, so it is faster, more accurate, and easier to implement. Computing the p-value for the general null hypothesis remains an open problem because it depends on an intractable optimization problem. We discuss the two schools of thought evident in the literature on how to deal with such problems, and we recommend a future research program to bridge the gap those two schools. Chapter 4 investigates an auctioneer’s revenue maximization problem in combinatorial auctions. In combinatorial auctions bidders express demand for discrete packages of multiple units of multiple, indivisible goods. The auctioneer’s NP-complete winner determination problem (WDP) is to fit these packages together within the available supply to maximize the bids’ sum. To shorten the path practitioners traverse from from legalese auction rules to computer code, we offer a new wdp formalism to reflect how government auctioneers sell billions of dollars of radio-spectrum licenses in combinatorial auctions today. It models common tie-breaking rules by maximizing a sum of bid vectors lexicographically. After a novel pre-solving technique based on package bids’ marginal values, we develop an algorithm for the WDP. In developing the algorithm’s branch-and-bound part adapted to lexicographic maximization, we discover a partial explanation of why classical WDP has been successful in using the linear programming relaxation: it equals the Lagrangian dual. We adapt the relaxation to lexicographic maximization. The algorithm’s dynamic-programming part retrieves already computed partial solutions from a novel data structure suited specifically to our WDP formalism. Finally we show that the data structure can “warm start” a popular algorithm for solving for opportunity-cost prices.
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Title: ORGANOFUNCTIONALIZED OXOMETALATES: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF A NEW CLASS OF MIXED-METAL TETRAMETALATE CLUSTERS
Creator: Shuaib, Damola Taye
Date: 2022
Description: Oxometalates (OMs) are metal-oxide clusters with addenda mental atom mainly V, Mo, and W and bridged by oxide anions. Prototypical examples...
Show moreOxometalates (OMs) are metal-oxide clusters with addenda mental atom mainly V, Mo, and W and bridged by oxide anions. Prototypical examples like polyoxometalates (POMs) are completely inorganic. While clusters with nuclearities ranging from 6 to 18 are common for purely inorganic examples, those with less than nuclearity 6 are rare. Therefore, functionalization by covalent interaction with organic moiety via self-assembly has been utilized as a viable route for making compact clusters with nuclearity of 4 and below. These compounds constitute the organo-functionalized examples of the purely inorganic structure ([XMaOb]n-) POM. Reports of organo-functionalized tetrametalates (TMs), ([MxOyLz])n- (where M = metal, x = 4 and L represents an organic ligand) are sparse. Mixed metal species are especially interesting as potential redox active materials as they contain energetically distinct potential redox centers. OMs have ability to accept electrons in a chemically reversible manner through the terminal oxo-ligand (M=Ot) leading to dπ–pπ electron transfer. Considering the rich structural and electronic properties of these complexes, four neutral mixed-metal (M-V) tetrametalate clusters, [(CoIICl)2(VIVO)2{((HOCH2CH2)(H)N(CH2CH2O))(HN(CH2CH2O)2}2] (1), [(ZnIICl)2(VIVO)2{((HOCH2CH2)(H)N(CH2CH2O))(HN(CH2CH2O)2}2] (2), [CoII2(VIVOF)2{((HOCH2CH2)(H)N(CH2CH2O))(HN(CH2CH2O)2)}2] (3), and [ZnII2(VIVOF)2{((HOCH2CH2)(H)N(CH2CH2O))(HN(CH2CH2O)2)}2] (4) containing unprecedented oxometallocyclic {M2V2X2N4O8}(M = Co, Zn; X = F, Cl) frameworks decorated with diethanolamine ligand in bidentate and tridentate manners. The type of halo-ligand has direct influence on the geometry of the metal M and UV-Vis reflectance spectra revealed changes in electronic structure consistent with charge transfer processes expected. Computational and magnetic properties studies revealed that the ground state multiplicity of 1 is confirmed as an open-shell singlet with a prediction of an isotropic exchange coupling of -6.6 cm-1 but less clear for 2. The vanadium centers are best described as a V(IV) center and the cobalt centers are high-spin Co(II) centers. Less orbital destabilization was observed due to weaker interaction of Cl- ligand on Co than what was observed for O2- ligand on V centers. In 2, there are four weakly coupled spin centers, where the isotropic exchange couplings are defined as J1, J2’, and J2’’. These couplings are approximated as J1 = 1.5/+11.7 cm-1, J2’ = -22.1/-14.8 cm-1, and J2’’ = +4.2/+4.8 cm-1. Although J2’’ is predicted to be weakly ferromagnetic in nature, whereas the fit suggested a weak antiferromagnetic interaction for each of the V(IV)-Co(II) couplings. The low-temperature magnetic susceptibility suggests a Type III spin frustration present in the system. However, competing magnetic interactions are known to be operative in tetranuclear system which is even observed to be more prominent in the mixed-metal tetranuclear system considering the edge-sharing consequence on magnetic behavior. A new route to metal complex synthesis via in situ ligand transformation from diethanolamine to bicine by disproportionation and oxidation reactions yielded three isostructural mononuclear clusters Bis[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycinato]-Cobalt(II) 5, Bis[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycinato]-Nickel(II) 6, and Bis[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycinato]-Copper(II) 7. The observed transformation is predicted to proceed through nucleophilic substitution (SN2) as expected for substituted ammines. These metal complexes are characterized by various analytical techniques such as, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, single crystal and powdered X-ray diffraction analyses, Energy-Dispersed X-ray spectroscopy, magnetic properties measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis, bond valence sum calculations etc. Based on their features and detailed structure-property-application analyses, the clusters showed great potentials for catalysis, materials for digital tools, chemical sensing, molecular magnets and precursors as molecular building blocks for extended open frameworks.
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Title: THE IMPACT OF SHARED RECRUITMENT INFORMATION ON APPLICANT OUTCOMES AND THE INFLUENCE OF MODERATING VARIABLES
Creator: Savage, Catherine M.
Date: 2022
Description: Organizations are currently experiencing one of the most challenging environments when it comes to recruiting talent. What started in the...
Show moreOrganizations are currently experiencing one of the most challenging environments when it comes to recruiting talent. What started in the 1990s as the “War for Talent,” in which organizations faced fierce competition when hiring and retaining employees, has persisted, and grown more competitive, post-pandemic. As a result, organizations must re-evaluate their recruitment strategies and find ways to connect with job candidates that will increase the probability that they will pursue open job positions. Thus, we examined how sharing different information regarding pay, diversity statements, and mentoring benefits with 250 potential job applicants, based in the US, may influence their attraction to an organization, perceived person-organization fit, and their intention to pursue the job that was posted. We also examined how ethnicity, gender, and age can influence the job candidates’ perception of the information provided. Results from this research partially supported our hypothesized outcomes. Presenting more information to participants (rather than less) generally had a positive impact on organization attraction and intentions to pursue the position posted in the job advertisement. However, the amount of information shared to participants did not influence perceptions of person-organization fit. Additionally, while ethnicity did not moderate the relationship between amount of information shared and the outcome variables, gender and age were found to influence participants’ reaction to the information provided and their subsequent level of organizational attraction and intention to pursue. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Title: Control and Operation of Microgrids and Networked Microgrids
Creator: Sheikholeslami, Mehrdad
Date: 2022
Description: This dissertation presents the practical operation and control of microgrids and networked microgrids, particularly, the networked IIT Campus...
Show moreThis dissertation presents the practical operation and control of microgrids and networked microgrids, particularly, the networked IIT Campus Microgrid (ICM) and Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM). Microgrids (MGs) provide a potential solution to accommodating renewable and distributed energy resources (DERs). MGs and the networked form of MGs, i.e., networked microgrids or NMGs, have received significant attention in the past two decades. However, several details are often neglected in the literature that need to be considered for the practical operations of MGs and NMGs. First, there is a need for a step-by-step sequence of operations (SOO) that clearly defines the procedures for changing the operation modes of MGs and NMGs for their reliable and resilient operation. Second, there is a need to develop new control strategies for the centralized and distributed control of MGs and NMGs that are resilient to extreme events and are also more sustainable than the ones available in the literature. Third, there is a need for developing the model of MGs and NMGs in a real-time simulator to safely evaluate the performance of the control and operation of MGs and NMGs. Finally, to close the engineering loop, there is a need to connect the digital and physical layers which are known as digital twins. This dissertation proposes solutions for these four requirements and presents results to evaluate the performance of the proposed solutions. First, an SOO is proposed to enable the reliable and safe transition between different microgrid operation modes. The proposed SOO is adaptable to any MG and NMG with minor modifications. Second, for the centralized control, a DER control model is proposed that allows for the regulated power exchange between networked MGs to ensure information privacy and respect the electrical boundary of each MG. For the distributed control, two control schemes are proposed that are resilient to extreme cases, allow the integration of renewable energy resources (RES), and require the minimum intervention of the operators. Third, several techniques are proposed that can be adopted for developing the real-time models of MGs and NMGs. Finally, as a proof of concept, a digital twin of a microgrid with connections between the physical and digital layers is implemented and tested. The IIT Campus Microgrid (ICM) and Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM), as well as their networked form (networked ICM-BCM), are selected as the practical testbeds and are modeled in Real-time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The RTDS model is interfaced with microgrid master controllers (MMC) for real-time data exchange and the performance of the MMCs and the distributed control strategies are tested to illustrate the importance of adopted methods in the real-time control of MGs and NMGs. Finally, a proof of concept for the digital twin of ICM is presented.
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Title: WHAT IMPACT DO NUMBER TALKS HAVE ON ELEMENTARY CLASSROOM MATHEMATICAL DISCOURSE AND STUDENT AND TEACHER ATTITUDES TOWARD MATHEMATICS?
Creator: Sleezer, Meghan V
Date: 2021
Description: Number Talks, created in the early 1990s by Ruth Parker and Kathy Richardson, have gained popularity in the mathematics education community...
Show moreNumber Talks, created in the early 1990s by Ruth Parker and Kathy Richardson, have gained popularity in the mathematics education community over the past decade with the publication of the book series Number Talks (Parrish, 2010, 2014), and especially since the publication of Making Number Talks Matter (Humphreys & Parker, 2015). All in all, the authors contend Number Talks can bring joy into the classroom (Humphreys and Parker, 2015, p. 6), improving student attitudes about mathematics and ultimately allowing for a more productive disposition. The characteristic that separates Number Talks from other pedagogical tools is the disconnectedness from the rest of the lesson: Number Talks need not build up to or build upon the day’s objective. Thus, what the authors argue is that the activity of Number Talks itself – albeit disconnected from the day’s objective – improves all of the aforementioned skills, regardless of what occurs during the remainder of each class session.Eight teachers from five different Chicago-area private grade schools implemented Number Talks in their 3rd-5th grade classrooms for four to six weeks in the early part of the year 2020. Student attitudes toward mathematics and toward mathematical discourse were assessed by way of survey and classroom observation before and after implementation. Classroom interactions and levels of mathematical discourse during the normal class time (outside of the Number Talk session) were assessed before and during implementation. No significant changes (positive or negative) relating to any measure were found. Teachers noticed that students who enjoyed math before the implementation also enjoyed Number Talks, while students who struggled with math were mostly disenchanted with Number Talks. Future research includes exploring whether tailoring Number Talks to relate to the upcoming lesson improves the positive effects advertised by the authors. Teacher professional development related to ambitious teaching practices (NCTM, 2017) and growth mindset (Boaler, 2016b) may complement the use of Number Talks to result in improved attitudes and discourse.
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Title: Do Numeric Performance Ratings Have Any Merit?
Creator: Sanders, Emily Kathleen
Date: 2022
Description: Numeric performance ratings have been a component of performance evaluation for decades (Prowse & Prowse, 2009; Pulakos, Mueller-Hanson & Arad...
Show moreNumeric performance ratings have been a component of performance evaluation for decades (Prowse & Prowse, 2009; Pulakos, Mueller-Hanson & Arad, 2019). Yet, in recent years their necessity has been questioned (Adler, Campion, Colquitt, Grubb, Murphy, Ollander-Krane, & Pulakos, 2016), with some organizations going so far as to remove numeric ratings entirely (Capelli & Tavis, 2016; Rock, Davis & Jones, 2014; Burkus, 2016). Unfortunately, this practice has been largely unexamined in an empirical manner. The present study tested whether the claim – that numeric ratings do not matter – holds up in all cases. This is done by exploring whether the presence or absence of numeric ratings, impacts employee perceptions of fairness associated with the appraisal. As numeric ratings are argued to be a mechanism for communicating a fair, standard, and consistent practice, the study aimed to understand if the mere presence of numeric ratings may offset some of the negative reaction employees have toward performance appraisal when they have poor-quality relationships with their supervisors. Findings indicated that while employee-manager relationship quality (assessed via Leader-Member Exchange) has a direct relationship with perceptions of fairness associated with the appraisal, the presence of numeric ratings did not moderate this relationship. Practical implications and future research recommendations are discussed.
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Title: Stimulation-Responsive Materials for the Treatment of Disordered Tissues
Creator: Clutter II, Elwin Dean
Date: 2022
Description: Microenvironments offer physical and chemical cues to cells that affect their behavior. These cues can be bioactive chemicals such as drugs...
Show moreMicroenvironments offer physical and chemical cues to cells that affect their behavior. These cues can be bioactive chemicals such as drugs and cytokines, matrix cues like stiffness and composition, and electrical signals as seen in membrane potentials and epithelial wound healing. Controlling these cues can drive cell behavior toward apoptosis, proliferation, or changes in protein expression. In this thesis research, three components were used to model changes in cell behavior: the near infrared dye indocyanine green (ICG), silk fibroin (SF) from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons, and carbon nanotubes (CNT). The mechanism of ICG photobleaching was studied for the efficacy to kill neuroblastoma cancer cells. ICG was twice as effective at killing neuroblastoma than fibroblast cells. Albumin stabilized monomeric ICG to enhance photobleaching by improving light interaction, and photodegradation of ICG into α,β-unsaturated aldehydes led to significant reduction of proliferation in neuroblastoma cells by targeting cell signaling components such as protein transcription factors. SF-ICG composite materials were developed into films and electrospun fibers. These composite materials were examined as light-activated wound coverings to control bleeding in hemorrhage, using ICG’s photothermal effect. ICG added an absorbance peak to SF at 805 nm. Irradiation decreased this peak, produced a new absorbance peak at 352 nm, and an increased fluorescence peak around 490 nm, showing photochemical changes that may be useful in sensor design. Increased heat production from irradiation of SF-ICG occurred in the films with 0.2% w/w ICG in SF during 1 min irradiation, whereas SF-ICG fibers required improvement of processing by ethanol vapor treatment (EVT) to reduce loss of ICG during preparation. EVT improved ICG retention in SF fibers during sterilization with 70% ethanol solution thus improving heat generation in the SF-ICG fibers. Heat evolved from SF-ICG 0.2% film solidified bovine blood within 42 s, with visible changes after the first 6 s. SF electrospun fibers were investigated to optimize silk preparation to reduce diameters and increase alignment to mimic local native cell environments with and without CNT to add conductivity for enhancement of electrical stimulation. CNT reduced SF fiber diameters below 1% and effected alignment differently as the concentration increased. Longer degumming times decreased SF fiber diameters and alignment of the same concentration. The optimized conditions were 1 h degumming time with 1.5 ml/h flow rate at a concentration of 100 mg/ml spinning solution with 0.25% CNT to form fibers with 1.36 (± 0.09) µm diameter and 0.31 (± 0.01) a.u. alignment. Additionally, SF fibers were used as a long-term cell growth scaffold to compare with decellularized native tissue. Decellularized tissue decreased fibroblast mRNA expression of collagen type 1, lysyl oxidase-like 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9, while all other genes expression was the same as cells on plastic. The SF fiber scaffold reduced fibroblast expression of collagen type 3 compared to growth on plastic, and both collagen types 1 and 3 increased over growth time on SF. Immunofluorescence staining showed both collagens newly deposited on the SF scaffold and improved over time. In conclusion, proteins stabilized ICG monomers to improve light interaction, efficacy of photobleaching, and heat evolution to induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma and agglutination of blood in SF composites. Irradiation of ICG enhanced changes in optical properties and may have sensor applications. The decrease of genes may be due to each scaffold having lower stiffness compared to plastic. ICG and SF are both materials with applications as biological scaffolds in pelvic organ prolapse and treatment of neuroblastoma and hemorrhage.
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Title: SOLID-STATE SMART PLUG DEVICE
Creator: Deng, Zhixi
Date: 2022
Description: Electrical faults are a leading cause of residential fire, and flexible power cords are particularly susceptible to metal or insulation...
Show moreElectrical faults are a leading cause of residential fire, and flexible power cords are particularly susceptible to metal or insulation degradation that may lead to a variety of electrical faults. Smart Plugs are a type of plug-in device controlling electrical loads via wireless communication for consumer market. However, there is lack of circuit protection features in existing Smart Plug products. Moreover, there is no previous product or research on Smart Plug with circuit protection features. This thesis introduces a new Smart Plug 2.0 concept which offers all-in-one protection against over-current, arc, and ground faults in addition to the smart features in Smart Plug products. It aims at preventing fire and shock hazards caused by degraded or damaged power cords and electrical connections in homes and offices. It offers microsecond-scale time resolution to detect and respond to a fault condition, and significantly reduces the electrothermal stress on household electrical wires and loads. A new arc fault detection method is developed using machine learning models based on load current di/dt events. The Smart Plug 2.0 concept has been validated experimentally. A 120V/10A solid-state Smart Plug 2.0 prototype using power MOSEFTs is designed and tested. It has experimentally demonstrated the comprehensive protection features against all types of electrical faults.
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Title: Fatigue Life Prediction for Structures with Interval Uncertainty
Creator: Desch, Michael R.
Date: 2022
Description: A new method for reliable fatigue life prediction in metal structural components is developed where uncertainties are quantified using...
Show moreA new method for reliable fatigue life prediction in metal structural components is developed where uncertainties are quantified using interval variables. Using this crack-initiation-based method, first, the uncertainties in laboratory test data for the fatigue failure of a structural detail are enumerated. This uncertainty quantification is performed through an interval-based enveloping procedure that relates the interval stress ranges to the number of cycles to failure, leading to the construction of an interval S-N relationship. Next, the uncertainties in field test data are enumerated in the extremum values of each stress range, as intervals, leading to the construction of interval stress ranges. For both the laboratory and field data uncertainty analyses, the mean stress effects are considered. Next, the interval damage accumulated over the duration of the field data is determined using the constructed interval S-N relationship and the obtained interval stress ranges. Then, the interval existing damage and interval remaining life are determined. Finally, as a conservative measure, the minimum remaining fatigue life is obtained in which all uncertainties are considered. Three numerical examples illustrating the developed method are presented, and the results are compared with results obtained by both Monte Carlo simulation and optimization. Using this method, for the numerical examples considered, it is shown that the results for bounds on the existing damage and the remaining fatigue life are sharp. Moreover, due to its set-based approach, the method is significantly more computationally efficient when compared with iterative procedures.
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Title: Stress-Induced Habitual Responding as a Maintenance Factor in Bulimia Nervosa Spectrum Disorders
Creator: Dougherty, Elizabeth Nash
Date: 2022
Description: Individuals with bulimia nervosa spectrum disorders often compulsively engage in binge eating and purging, despite life threatening...
Show moreIndividuals with bulimia nervosa spectrum disorders often compulsively engage in binge eating and purging, despite life threatening consequences. Little is known about factors that contribute to compulsivity in these conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether stress and habitual control over bulimic behaviors play a role in maintaining symptoms in these disorders, using ecological momentary assessment. Women with bulimia nervosa spectrum disorders (N = 81) completed self-report baseline questionnaires and a 14-day EMA protocol which involved daily assessments of stress, negative affect, bulimic behaviors, and contextual antecedents to bulimic behaviors. The results indicated that baseline habitual control over binge eating and purging were not associated with global eating pathology or eating disorder-related clinical impairment. However, exploratory analyses revealed that habitual control over binge eating and purging were associated with more frequent engagement in these behaviors during the previous four weeks. Neither stress appraisal nor stressor frequency were associated with habitual control over bulimic behavior during the EMA period. In terms of affect trajectories surrounding bulimic behaviors, negative affect increased in the hours leading up to these behaviors, decreased in the hours following these behaviors, and was higher immediately after these behaviors compared to before. Habitual control over binge eating and purging did not moderate temporal relations between negative affect and bulimic behaviors during the EMA period. Overall, the findings suggest that habit may play a role in maintaining binge eating and purging.
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