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(1 - 20 of 148)
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- Title
- Informal Learning with Twitter
- Creator
- Wilhelm, Eva C.
- Date
- 2011-04-25, 2011-05
- Description
-
Twitter use has evolved from status updates to a broad range of uses from personal broadcasting to information sharing and conversations. A...
Show moreTwitter use has evolved from status updates to a broad range of uses from personal broadcasting to information sharing and conversations. A study was conducted to determine how Twitter is used for informal learning purposes. It was examined what kind of questions with a learning objective are asked, and under which circumstances these questions are answered. Questions were categorized according to question topic, type, structure and audience. According to the analysis, users most frequently asked for definitions and procedural information about technology, web, software and Twitter use. The questions with the highest answer rate were questions directed at individual users via @replies, and asked about definitions and other factual information.
M.S. in Technical Communication and Informational Design, May 2011
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- Title
- “I’d have to vote against you”: Issue Campaigning via Twitter
- Creator
- Roback, Andrew, Hemphill, Libby
- Date
- 2012-12-03, 2013
- Description
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Using tweets posted with #SOPA and #PIPA hashtags and directed at members of Congress, we identify six strategies constituents employ when...
Show moreUsing tweets posted with #SOPA and #PIPA hashtags and directed at members of Congress, we identify six strategies constituents employ when using Twitter to lobby their elected officials. In contrast to earlier research, we found that constituents do use Twitter to try to engage their officials and not just as a “soapbox” to express their opinions.
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- Title
- SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY AND ACCENTS IN SPEECH-MEDIATED INTERFACES: RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Creator
- Lawrence, Halcyon M.
- Date
- 2013, 2013-07
- Description
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There continues to be significant growth in the development and use of speech–mediated devices and technology products; however, there is no...
Show moreThere continues to be significant growth in the development and use of speech–mediated devices and technology products; however, there is no evidence that non-native English speech is used in these devices, despite the fact that English is now spoken by more non-native speakers than native speakers, worldwide. This relative absence of non-native English speech in devices may be due in part to the costs associated with localizing speech devices, but it may also be attributable to the fact that not enough is known about user performance with accented speech in speech–mediated environments. In the absence of targeted research, developers may be relying on existing studies which focus on perception (impression) of accented speech, as a basis of decision-making. However, perception paints only part of the picture when it comes to understanding how and why people perform in certain ways and in certain environments. Three studies were conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What are the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of negatively- and positively-perceived accented speech? And how are these characteristics related to markers of intelligible speech? (2) How do participants perform on different types of accented-speech tasks? (3) What is the relationship between user perception of accented speech and user performance in response to accented speech? and; (4) How do participants perform on accented speech tasks of varying complexity? Arising out of this research, there are six recommendations for the use of accented speech in speech-mediated devices. Also, the findings of this study raise questions about inherent linguistic stereotypes which impact both our perceptions and our choices about xvi the accents we want to hear on our speech devices. A discussion about if and how these stereotypes can be altered and measured are included. Future research should examine the role of experienced non-native talkers in speech devices. Results of study one demonstrated that some experienced non-native talkers were positively-perceived by raters and may be good candidates for talkers in speech devices. A study like this would explicitly establish if listeners consistently make native vs. non-native distinctions in their preferences or if a prestige continuum emerges.
PH.D in Technical Communication, July 2013
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- Title
- Learning the Lingo? Gender, Prestige and Linguistic Adaptation in Review Communities
- Creator
- Hemphill, Libby, Otterbacher, Jahna
- Date
- 2011-11-19, 2012-02
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Description
-
Women and men communicate differently in both face-to- face and computer-mediated environments. We study linguistic patterns considered...
Show moreWomen and men communicate differently in both face-to- face and computer-mediated environments. We study linguistic patterns considered gendered in reviews contributed to the Internet Movie Database. IMDb has been described as a male-majority community, in which females contribute fewer reviews and enjoy less prestige than males. Analyzing reviews posted by prolific males and females, we hypothesize that females adjust their communication styles to be in sync with their male counterparts. We find evidence that while certain characteristics of “female language” persevere over time (e.g., frequent use of pronouns) others (e.g., hedging) decrease with time. Surprisingly, we also find that males often increase their use of “female” features. Our results indicate, that even when they resemble men’s reviews linguistically, women’s reviews still enjoy less prestige and smaller audiences.
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- Title
- Looking for (Lesbian) Love: Social Media Subtext Readings of Rizzoli and Isles
- Creator
- Hemphill, Libby
- Date
- 2015, 2015
- Description
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Paper presented at #IR16 the annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers
Paper presented at #IR16 the annual conference of the...
Show morePaper presented at #IR16 the annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers
Paper presented at #IR16 the annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers
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- Title
- Asian American Chicago Network: A Case Study of Facebook Group Use By Immigrant Groups
- Creator
- Rao, Xi, Hemphill, Libby
- Date
- 2016, 2016
- Publisher
- ACM
- Description
-
Through analyzing data from posts and about users, we describe how one particular Facebook group helps immigrants to the U.S. use social media...
Show moreThrough analyzing data from posts and about users, we describe how one particular Facebook group helps immigrants to the U.S. use social media to build a local community. As a preliminary study in intercultural communication through social media, we analyze one case, the Asian American Chicago Network (AACN) Facebook group, and uncover common topics users discuss and relationships between user tenure and various indicators of leadership and interaction. Our small finalized results from this preliminary project suggest that members of AACN likely use it (1) to build a professional network in the U.S.A., and (2) to reinforce and affirm their Asian culture and identities.
Sponsorship: National Science Foundation Award Number 1525662
Rao, X., & Hemphill, L. (2016). Asian American Chicago Network: A Case Study of Facebook Group Use By Immigrant Groups. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Companion (pp. 381–384). New York, NY, USA: ACM. http://doi.org/10.1145/2818052.2869077
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- Title
- SITUATING FANS' SOCIAL MEDIA PRACTICES IN THE CONTEXT OF FAN STUDIES
- Creator
- Rao, Xi
- Date
- 2015, 2015-05
- Description
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This paper explores how TV fans use social media. By revtewmg academic perspectives on fandom ofTV shows and social media in past several...
Show moreThis paper explores how TV fans use social media. By revtewmg academic perspectives on fandom ofTV shows and social media in past several decades, this paper discusses the way that audiences react to TV shows using the affordance of social media. At the begirming, this article traces the image, activities, and meaning of fandom. Fans were portrayed as deviant creatures until the late 80s. This image was clarified when people looked into fans and their creative works. Scholars realized that fans productively generated creative products based on the given materials, which reflected the social experience of the creators. Therefore, fandom was soon understood as a way of fans to resist the dominant culture in the society. Later on, social media offer fans an immediate, widespread platform to contribute to the TV conversation. With this platform, normal fans show up. Different from productive fandom, median fans are less active in making new meanings of the TV program. Interestingly, a large number of TV audiences are using social media during the broadcast, participating in the discussion of shows. This evidences the convergence of the traditional media, TV, and the new media, social media. It is also found that comments of TV viewers on social media in turn, influence the content of the TV show. Rather than merely spectators, fans are a part of the TV production. As a special case, gender is discussed from the perspective of fandom. Female composers dominant the fan-writing world. Study the producers and products of fan fiction may provide valuable insights into gender dilemmas in the real world. At the end of this essay, 1 summarize how social media atTect the participation of TV fans and discuss remaining questions worthy of future research. Since fandom becomes ubiquitous in the social media age, it is possible to explore fandom as a way to better understand our daily life.
M.S. in Information Architecture, May 2015
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- Title
- Tweet Acts: How Constituents Lobby Congress via Twitter
- Creator
- Hemphill, Libby, Roback, Andrew
- Date
- 2014, 2014
- Description
-
Twitter is increasingly becoming a medium through which constituents can lobby their elected representatives in Congress about issues that...
Show moreTwitter is increasingly becoming a medium through which constituents can lobby their elected representatives in Congress about issues that matter to them. Past research has focused on how citizens communicate with each other or how members of Congress (MOCs) use social media in general; our research examines how citizens communicate with MOCs. We contribute to existing literature through the careful examination of hundreds of citizen-authored tweets and the development of a categorization scheme to describe common strategies of lobbying on Twitter. Our findings show that contrary to past research that assumed citizens used Twitter to merely shout out their opinions on issues, citizens utilize a variety of sophisticated techniques to impact political outcomes.
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- Title
- SUSTAINABLE MULTILINGUAL COMMUNICATION: MANAGING MULTILINGUAL CONTENT USING FREE AND OPEN SOURCE CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- Creator
- Kelsey, Todd
- Date
- 2011-05-03, 2011-05
- Description
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Multilingual content management systems, combined with streamlined processes and inexpensive organizational tools, make it possible for...
Show moreMultilingual content management systems, combined with streamlined processes and inexpensive organizational tools, make it possible for educators, non-profit entities and individuals with limited resources to develop sustainable and accessible multilingual Web sites. The research included a review of what’s been done in the theory and practice of designing Web sites for multilingual audiences. On the basis of that review, a series of sustainable multilingual Web sites were created, and a series of approaches and systems were tested, including MediaWiki, Plone, Drupal, Joomla, PHPMyFAQ, Blogger, Google Docs and Google Sites. There was also a case study on “Social CMS”, which refers to emergent social networks such as Facebook. The case studies are reported on, and conclude with high-level recommendations that form a roadmap for sustainable multilingual Web site development.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, May 2011
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- Title
- Revolutionary Persuasion, Thomas Paine's Influential Rhetoric in Common Sense
- Creator
- Purdy, Michael
- Date
- 2011-12, 2011-12
- Publisher
- IIT Humanities Department, Undergraduate Writing Contest
- Description
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At a pivotal time in early American history, one man was able to influence the hearts and minds of an entire burgeoning nation by way of pen...
Show moreAt a pivotal time in early American history, one man was able to influence the hearts and minds of an entire burgeoning nation by way of pen and parchment. His name was Thomas Paine, and his revolutionary pamphlet was titled "Common Sense." This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet in regards to persuasive communication and rhetoric and how it ultimately swayed the American colonists toward separation from the tyrannical motherland.
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- Title
- PREDICTING COMMENT QUALITY ON NEWS WEBSITES: LINGUISTIC INDICATORS AND VIEWS FROM JOURNALISM PROFESSIONALS
- Creator
- Scott, Edward Blake
- Date
- 2014, 2014-07
- Description
-
As the web has become more interactive in recent years, with website users having the ability to generate their own content, there has been...
Show moreAs the web has become more interactive in recent years, with website users having the ability to generate their own content, there has been increased tension between the content generated by users and the content generated by “professionals,” especially professional journalists and publishers. Many journalism professionals see the value of allowing users to comment on their work; for example, an interactive site that allows user commenting may increase users’ loyalty to the site, meaning they will return often, generate page views, and increase advertising revenue. Users can also serve to further explore an issue discussed in an article by broadening the discussion to include the viewpoints of those who aren’t professional journalists. However, publishers of news site comments have noted many problems with introducing user-generated content (UGC) to their sites, including the fact that users sometimes post inflammatory, insensitive, or lowquality comments that do not serve to improve the experience of the average reader. The problems caused by these kinds of comments have increased the amount of time and money required to moderate the comments section. Beyond inflammatory comments, however, is the problem of highlighting very good or high-quality comments. What is the degree to which those high-quality comments can be discovered through an automated process? This dissertation sought to test the extent to which comments to news sites can be automatically evaluated for quality by using a text-analysis system. Journalists were interviewed to get their views on user comments in general and comment quality in particular. The data from these interviews was used to generate hypotheses about which linguistic metrics provided by Coh-Metrix, a web-based text-analysis system, might be xiii most indicative of comment quality as described by journalists. Finally, a content analysis and close reading of a sample of news site comments was conducted in order to describe news site comments as a writing genre. Results from the interviews indicated that comment length, comment syntax, comment cohesion, comment narrativity, and comment individuality were all indicative of comment quality. However, statistical analyses on a sample of 246 comments failed to produce significant results for linguistic metrics hypothesized to be indicative of quality. Alternatively, an “positive engagement score” scale was created and used to identify how “engaging” comments were; this scale showed to have a significant, though minor, positive relationship with the number of recommendations a comment received from readers. Finally, the genre analysis of the sample of news site comments revealed that comments in the sample share a communicative purpose of providing additional content related to the article under discussion, providing a practical value for journalists and other professionals by offering tips and fact-checking functions, and providing a space where readers can debate the article in question and begin to develop a sense of community.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, July 2014
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- Title
- EXPANDING FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATIONS’ ADAPTATION OF STREAMING TECHNOLOGY
- Creator
- Johnson Winston, Patty D.
- Date
- 2011-07-18, 2011-05
- Description
-
In the field of technical communication there exist few studies that specifically address faith-based organizations’ use of communication...
Show moreIn the field of technical communication there exist few studies that specifically address faith-based organizations’ use of communication technology. The purpose of this dissertation was to show how these organizations can expand their use of streaming technology by using principles and practices that are common in technical communication. This was addressed in three phases. First, a review of the relationship between religion and media was conducted. It revealed that faith-based organizations are early adaptors of communication technology. Communication technology is used to widely broadcast their organizational missions, tenets and goals. By accomplishing these tasks, faith-based organizations seek to educate and reinforce cultural norms, images, and belief systems among their adherents and attract new members. Second, an examination of theories and instructional practices found in technical communication was conducted. It was determined that adapting a learning-centered approach to instruction can be applied to a distance education model for faith-based education. Third, faith-based websites were analyzed to determine types and current uses of communication technology. It was established that most of the organizations that offer educational courses do not conduct them online, even if they already use streaming media for other purposes. The findings suggest that faith-based organizations’ use of streaming technology for educational purposes is an area of inquiry that should be further explored by technical communicators. Technical communication provides a rich array of disciplines from which to draw, such as Instructional Design, Information Architecture, and Usability.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, May 2011
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- Title
- SIMILAR VOICES, SAME PERSPECTIVES? INTERNATIONAL MOVIE REVIEWERS AT THE IMDB
- Creator
- Gao, Jing
- Date
- 2012-04-21, 2012-05
- Description
-
Online communities enable people from around the world to interact online. But having the opportunity to speak and being heard are two...
Show moreOnline communities enable people from around the world to interact online. But having the opportunity to speak and being heard are two different issues. In most cases of intercultural communication online, people from different cultures interact in English. Are they still able to bring their own perspectives without using their native language? This study thus focuses on whether or not international voices are heard online and whether or not these voices that find audiences are really differ- ent, as compared to the local voice (i.e., dominant or majority voice). We question whether or not international voices are different, as previous studies on intercultural communication debate over whether or not voices are different by culture. Results of a content analysis show that international and U.S. participants tend to contribute similar content, which contrasts with the common assumption that people from dif- ferent cultures will write differently and resonates with previous studies that have proposed that culture, on its own, is not an effective predictor of online behavior.
M.S. in Technical Communication and Information Design, May 2012
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- Title
- TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF USABILITY GUIDELINES FOR SINGLE-WINDOW WEB INTERFACES
- Creator
- Maciukenas, James
- Date
- 2013, 2013-05
- Description
-
Since the early 1990s, usability research has guided development of web interfaces used to interact with content available on the Internet....
Show moreSince the early 1990s, usability research has guided development of web interfaces used to interact with content available on the Internet. Following these guidelines has resulted in web pages that in many characteristics are quite similar and are identified here as Conventional Web Interfaces (CWIs). An emergent genre of web interface, the Single Window Interface (SWI), differs in many ways from CWIs. Most importantly, SWIs differ from CWIs in the type of tasks expected of their users and in the visual strategies used to facilitate these tasks. Namely, SWIs facilitate open-ended discovery tasks by using strong visual cues to convey meta-information to the user and encourage both the exploration and perusal of content. This dissertation will demonstrate that the differences between SWIs and CWIs require revisiting current usability guidelines in order to determine how to guide future development of SWIs. If SWI visual strategies can be shown to be effective in conveying meta-information qualities to users, the groundwork will be prepared for future research investigating the effectiveness of these strategies in facilitating open-ended exploration and discovery within SWIs. These efforts will lead to more useful experiences for users of SWIs and inform the fields of technical communication as well as human-computer interaction and usability research, to name just a few of the affected fields of study.
PH.D in Technical Communication, May 2013
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- Title
- TRACING TEXTUAL MEDIATING ARTIFACTS AS AGENTS OF CHANGE AND VANGUARDS OF CORPORATE NORMS
- Creator
- Pappas, George
- Date
- 2017, 2017-05
- Description
-
Technical communicators often employ user-centered design approaches to design textual artifacts that mediate workplace activity. The artifact...
Show moreTechnical communicators often employ user-centered design approaches to design textual artifacts that mediate workplace activity. The artifact’s designer is positioned as an expert who knows what is best for the artifact’s user (worker). I argue that those methods discount the role of the worker. I apply activity theory as the conceptual framework and genre tracing as the research method to analyze a corpus of documents that mediated the training evaluation activity at ABC Pharmaceutical (a pseudonym for the company’s name) to explain the evolution of those artifacts and theorize the reasons for their historical development. My findings show that their evolution – whether in the form of new genre selections, modifications, splicing, or even abandonment of genres – was influenced by worker efforts that challenged the official expert solutions. The implications of these findings to the fields of technical communication and business research are that even though design experts and business leaders may want to control the organizational strategies, work processes, and mediating artifacts/tools that accomplish those actions, workers will challenge official positions. There are dialectical forces at work that reflect official centripetal efforts that seek organizational stability from formal, normal, and regular structures versus centrifugal efforts that are disruptive and ad hoc in nature. The genre battles Idiscuss in this dissertation reflect a process that should be accepted as healthy and normal by both leadership and design experts, rather than feared or overly regulated.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, May 2017
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- Title
- MOTIVES FOR SOCIAL MEDIA USE AMONG PRACTITIONERS AT NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
- Creator
- Roback, Andrew J.
- Date
- 2017, 2017-05
- Description
-
I used the motivation concept from activity theory to derive a fundamental notion of why workers at nonprofit organizations (NPOs) use social...
Show moreI used the motivation concept from activity theory to derive a fundamental notion of why workers at nonprofit organizations (NPOs) use social media sites. This study rejects the notion that practitioners are not taking full advantage of social media sites by not using every available feature and engaging in dialogic communication. Existing work relies too extensively on the dialogic model of communication and frequently focuses on only top-tier NPOs, ignoring the context in which smaller NPOs operate and producing recommendations that are of little practical value. To investigate this issue, I reviewed existing best practices as portrayed in NPO social media strategy guides, and used the principles of activity theory to survey practitioners at human services NPOs in Chicago. I collected data on user motivation for using Facebook and Twitter by asking users to review past posts on these sites and describe their purpose in posting this information. Using this information, I trained an automated text classifier to classify a large corpus of posts based on four types of motivations: soliciting, promoting, sharing, and credit-giving. This dissertation builds off recent studies that question existing wisdom on “effective” use of social media by NPOs and argues for an expanded consideration of user agency and intent when using social media.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, May 2017
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- Title
- CONNECTIONS BETWEEN FINE ART AND SCIENTIFIC ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE PTRS IN THE PERIOD 1660-1850
- Creator
- O'donnell, Kathryn E.
- Date
- 2013, 2013-05
- Description
-
This dissertation investigates connections between scientific illustration in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (PTRS) and...
Show moreThis dissertation investigates connections between scientific illustration in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (PTRS) and fine art in the period from 1660 to 1850, comparing three science illustrations from approximately 100-year intervals, 1667, 1775, and 1839, with fine art images of Van Dyck, (1641), Wilson, (1774), and Constable, (1831). My assessment consisted of an objective visual analysis of the science and fine art images using Wolfflin’s comparison pairs, an analysis of the compositional and external art influences in the science images, and an evaluation of the science images related to period art theory. My research found that the science images do reflect period fine art elements, to a degree, but they are not expressive statements of fine art. My research revealed increasing aesthetic influences in the scientific images from 1667 to 1839, suggesting that the incorporation of fine art elements in these science images, and the increased use of illustrations in PTRS articles, may reflect a growing awareness of the significance of images in scientific argument.
PH.D in Technical Communication, May 2013
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- Title
- PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO STUDENT AFFAIRS WRITING COMPETENCIES
- Creator
- Schaefer, Kelly
- Date
- 2016, 2016-05
- Description
-
Student affairs practitioners in mid-level positions write in the workplace daily, but in many cases they do not formally or intentionally...
Show moreStudent affairs practitioners in mid-level positions write in the workplace daily, but in many cases they do not formally or intentionally train themselves or their staff members to write. I used qualitative methods of semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis to investigate how and to what extent mid-level managers are competent writers. And in terms of their organizations, I investigated the value placed on writing and how and to what extent writing training happens. The investigation of writing practices of professionals working in campus centers in the field of student affairs shows that mid-level campus center professionals write extensively in their positions, including writing across many document types (letters, memos, reports, financial documents), and for multiple audiences in and outside of the university setting (students, staff, peers, supervisors, community members, alumni). Mid-level managers value writing ability and the ability of their staff members to be able to write, and could improve writing knowledge and ability through competency training and development by connecting with work in the field of professional communication. Professional associations can and should support professionals using competency language that supports writing and writing training to develop writing skill and ability competencies. Mid-level managers, as both writers and supervisors, could join associations in employing intentional strategies for writing and writing training suggested by professional communication research.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, May 2016
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- Title
- MAPPING THE IDENTITY OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH AUTHOR AND KEYWORD NETWORKS
- Creator
- Angderson, Charise
- Date
- 2012-04-22, 2012-05
- Description
-
The identity of the interdisciplinary field of technical communication continues to be debated. For the last decade of so scholars have argued...
Show moreThe identity of the interdisciplinary field of technical communication continues to be debated. For the last decade of so scholars have argued for the need to emphasize new and emerging technologies to be integrated in technical communication curricula and research. This thesis examines how journals in technical communication have responded to these calls for a change in focus through the use of affiliation and keyword network analyses. Through the author-journal affiliation networks, I found technical communication journals mirror power laws as exhibited in other fields; there is a small group of authors and institutions that produce the majority of works. The author’s institutional affiliations, both in terms of employment and graduate degree, follow this same pattern. Authors also tended to have degrees in technical communication or some iteration of it. Through the keyword network, I found that articles on technical communication are mainly discussing topics concerning rhetoric and composition, followed by research in and discussions on the field technical communication as well as information technology.
M.S. in Communication and Information Design, May 2012
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- Title
- INFORMATION VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ONLINE IDENTITY PRESENTATION: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH
- Creator
- Mahmud, Athir
- Date
- 2016, 2016-07
- Description
-
Information visualization offers a unique method to assist users in understanding large quantities of data, such as that which is found in...
Show moreInformation visualization offers a unique method to assist users in understanding large quantities of data, such as that which is found in social media. The recent surge in the use of social media platforms, the abundance of data generated, and the implications about what this data means has made it increasingly necessary to provide feedback to these users about what they and others are presenting online. Thus, it is critical for these individuals to access this information and gain some level of visual understanding regarding their own identities or that of a particular group. This dissertation is organized in the format of a three-paper dissertation. Chapter 1 is the introduction for the subsequent three chapters and provides background on information visualization and identity presentation in social media, while exploring theoretical approaches to visual perception and design. Chapter 2 demonstrates a variety of past and current multidimensional information visualization techniques that are relevant to social media data, as related to online identity presentation. The overview includes data portraits, motion-based visualization, music visualization, and textual structures. Chapter 3 introduces CarrinaCongress, an information visualization dashboard that affords users with the ability to compare two members of Congress in order to better understanding the elected officials’ tweets and external information. Chapter 4 presents HadithViz, a motion-based information visualization dashboard that borrows from video game interfaces and focuses on event-based tweets, as defined by hashtags related to sexism in the video gaming industry. Finally, Chapter 5 is the conclusion to this dissertation and will summarize the three individual studies, discuss limitations and implications, and provide recommendations that future work consist of simple, accessible visualizations that are based on existing visual languages and can be interpreted by a wide-ranging audience.
Ph.D. in Technical Communication, July 2016
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