Search results

Title: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HIGH HEAT LOAD DEFORMATION AND MECHANICAL BENDING CORRECTION OF A BEAMLINE MIRROR FOR THE APS UPGRADE
Creator: Goldring, Nicholas
Date: 2017, 2017-07
Description: The impending Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) will introduce a hard x-ray source that is set to surpass the current APS in brightness...
Show moreThe impending Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) will introduce a hard x-ray source that is set to surpass the current APS in brightness and coherence by two to three orders of magnitude. To achieve this, the storage ring light source will be equipped with a multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice [1]. In order to fully exploit and preserve the integrity of new beams actualized by upgraded storage ring components, improved beamline optics must also be introduced. The design process of new optics for the APS-U and other fourth generation synchrotrons involves the challenge of accommodating unprecedented heat loads. This dissertation presents an ex-situ analysis of heat load deformation and the subsequent mechanical bending correction of a 400 mm long, grazing-incidence, H2O side-cooled, reflecting mirror subjected to x-ray beams produced by the APS-U undulator source. Bending correction is measured as the smallest rms slope error, σrms, that can be resolved over a given length of the heat deformed geometry due to mechanical bending. Values of σrms in the <0.1 µrad regime represent a given mirror length over which incident x-ray beams from modern sources can be reflected without significant loss of quality [2, 3]. This study assumes a perfectly flat mirror surface and does not account for finish errors or other contributions to σrms beyond the scope of thermal deformation and elastic bending. The methodology of this research includes finite element analysis (FEA) employed conjointly with an analytical solution for mechanical bending deflection by means of an end couple. Additionally, the study will focus on two beam power density profiles predicted by the APS-U which were created using the software SRCalc [4]. The profiles account for a 6 GeV electron beam with second moment widths of 0.058 and 0.011 mm in the x- and y- directions respectively; the electron beam is passed through a 4.8 m long, 28 mm period APS-U undulator which produces the x-ray beam incident at a 3 mrad grazing angle on the flat mirror surface for both cases. The first power density profile is the most extreme case created by the undulator at it’s closest gap with a critical energy of 3 keV (ky=2.459); the second profile is generated for the case in which the undulator is tuned to emit at 8 keV (ky=1.026). The 3 keV case is of particular interest as it represents one of the most intense peak heat loads predicted to be incident on first optics at the APS-U. The FEA results revealed that the deflection due to the 3 keV heat load yields a 10.9 µrad rms slope error over the full mirror length. The projected correction via the elastic bending of the substrate yields a 0.10 µrad σrms within the center longitudinal 300 mm. The FEA also predicts that the 8 keV heat load deflection can be corrected to a σrms of 0.11 µrad within the center 300 mm from 1.50 µrad over the entire length. Attempts to optimize the end couple to correct over the entire 400 mm mirror length were unable to resolve the heat load deflection rms slope error to within a < 0.1 µrad value for either case. However, if a larger corrected surface is required, a longer mirror can be implemented so as to absorb the heat load of a larger beam than necessary which can then be cut by an aperture to the desired size and energy range.
M.S. in Physics, July 2017
Show less

Title: ENHANCED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY IN DIFFUSE MEDIA USING OPTICAL GATING OF EARLY PHOTONS
Creator: Ghosh, Aishwarya
Date: 2020
Description: Tissue biopsies, where a volume of tissue is removed from a patient, typically through needle extraction, provides critical information about...
Show moreTissue biopsies, where a volume of tissue is removed from a patient, typically through needle extraction, provides critical information about the cellular and molecular aspects of an individual patient’s health and/or disease. However, current pathological assessments of tissue biopsies evaluate less than 1% of the volume of the tissue (e.g., one to a few 5-micron slices are sectioned out of the biopsy and stained/processed for microscopic analysis). Since the bulk of tissue biopsy is carried out through optical imaging (absorption or fluorescence), a more 3D, “whole-biopsy” view is conceivably possible with optical projection tomography (OPT). The challenge with OPT has been that for clinically relevant sized biopsies, most photons undergo multiple scattering events that lead to loss of spatial resolution that makes accurate pathological analysis intractable. In my MS thesis, I worked on the development of an enhanced OPT system that employs optical gating based on non-linear up-conversion of infrared ultrashort laser pulses to isolate “early-arriving” photons that experience significantly less scatter than the bulk of photons transiting a scattering biological sample. Considering the complexity of such a system, the entirety of my MS thesis work was spent constructing and testing the femtosecond optical gated OPT system and though I was unable to validate its operation in biological samples, simulations suggest that the properties we were able to achieve could allow high resolution optical imaging in 0.1-1 cm-diameter specimens.
Show less

Title: MULTIYEAR AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF AURORAL IMAGES TO CATEGORIZE IONOSPHERE IRREGULARITY LAYER
Creator: Stuart, David Jacques
Date: 2020
Description: This thesis presents a method of automated analysis of auroral all-sky images (ASIs) to determine the ionospheric layer of plasma...
Show moreThis thesis presents a method of automated analysis of auroral all-sky images (ASIs) to determine the ionospheric layer of plasma irregularities. These irregularities can perturb radio signals in an effect called scintillation, degrading and at worst preventing signal reception. One key question about scintillation-causing irregularities is whether they occur in the E or F layer of the ionosphere, whose dynamics differ.Previous studies have shown Global Positioning System (GPS) scintillation to be correlated with aurorae. The Scintillation Auroral GPS Array (SAGA) at Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, was used to detect thousands of GPS L1 and L2C scintillation events over 2014-2015. Collocated auroral images of emissions are recorded nightly by both a keogram spectrograph (measuring intensity along a single longitude vs time) and an ASI filtered at 630.0 nm (red), 557.7 nm (green), and 427.8 nm (blue) wavelengths.In this work scattering layers are hypothesized based on optical measurements, through automated filtering of keograms followed by spectral analysis of aurorae, which tend to occur with these irregularities. A cloud detection method using the North-South keogram is implemented, where a time-averaged, intensity-corrected characteristic snapshot of cloudy times was built as a baseline response, and used as the gain in a flat field correction-like step to normalize the cloudy sky appearance. The coefficient of variation Cv is used as the test statistic to determine cloudy times. Cloud-free ASIs have the location of scintillating PRNs identified, and the ratio of red oxygen 630 nm to blue nitrogen 428 nm emissions in that direction. With an auroral model of characteristic energy, ratios above 0.5 are categorized E-Layer and ratios below F-Layer.Multiyear ASI irregularity layer determinations are used to categorize 364 of the initial 4174 SAGA scintillation events. A 77% majority of the events are hypothesized to be F-Layer based on ASI spectral classification. This disagrees with prior PFISR categorizations, which found scintillation events to be majority E-layer. This presents an outstanding question as to the possible reasons for the difference.
Show less

Title: Intraoperative Assessment of Surgical Margins in Head And Neck Cancer Resection Using Time-Domain Fluorescence Imaging
Creator: Cleary, Brandon M.
Date: 2023
Description: Rapid and accurate determination of surgical margin depth in fluorescence guided surgery has been a difficult issue to overcome, leading to...
Show moreRapid and accurate determination of surgical margin depth in fluorescence guided surgery has been a difficult issue to overcome, leading to over- or under-resection of cancerous tissues and follow-up treatments such as ‘call-back’ surgery and chemotherapy. Current techniques utilizing direct measurement of tumor margins in frozen section pathology are slow, which can prevent surgeons from acting on information before a patient is sent home. Other fluorescence techniques require the measurement of margins via captured images that are overlayed with fluorescent data. This method is flawed, as measuring depth from captured images loses spatial information. Intensity-based fluorescence techniques utilizing tumor-to-background ratios do not decouple the effects of concentration from the depth information acquired. Thus, it is necessary to perform an objective measurement to determine depths of surgical margins. This thesis focuses on the theory, device design, simulation development, and overall viability of time-domain fluorescence imaging as an alternative method of determining surgical margin depths. Characteristic regressions were generated using a thresholding method on acquired time-domain fluorescence signals, which were used to convert time-domain data to a depth value. These were applied to an image space to generate a depth map of a modelled tissue sample. All modeling was performed on homogeneous media using Monte Carlo simulations, providing high accuracy at the cost of increased computational time. In practice, the imaging process should be completed within a span of under 20 minutes for a full tissue sample, rather than 20 minutes for a single slice of the sample. This thesis also explores the effects of different thresholding levels on the accuracy of depth determination, as well as the precautions to be taken regarding hardware limitations and signal noise.
Show less

Title: Intraoperative Assessment of Surgical Margins in Head And Neck Cancer Resection Using Time-Domain Fluorescence Imaging
Creator: Cleary, Brandon M.
Date: 2023
Description: Rapid and accurate determination of surgical margin depth in fluorescence guided surgery has been a difficult issue to overcome, leading to...
Show moreRapid and accurate determination of surgical margin depth in fluorescence guided surgery has been a difficult issue to overcome, leading to over- or under-resection of cancerous tissues and follow-up treatments such as ‘call-back’ surgery and chemotherapy. Current techniques utilizing direct measurement of tumor margins in frozen section pathology are slow, which can prevent surgeons from acting on information before a patient is sent home. Other fluorescence techniques require the measurement of margins via captured images that are overlayed with fluorescent data. This method is flawed, as measuring depth from captured images loses spatial information. Intensity-based fluorescence techniques utilizing tumor-to-background ratios do not decouple the effects of concentration from the depth information acquired. Thus, it is necessary to perform an objective measurement to determine depths of surgical margins. This thesis focuses on the theory, device design, simulation development, and overall viability of time-domain fluorescence imaging as an alternative method of determining surgical margin depths. Characteristic regressions were generated using a thresholding method on acquired time-domain fluorescence signals, which were used to convert time-domain data to a depth value. These were applied to an image space to generate a depth map of a modelled tissue sample. All modeling was performed on homogeneous media using Monte Carlo simulations, providing high accuracy at the cost of increased computational time. In practice, the imaging process should be completed within a span of under 20 minutes for a full tissue sample, rather than 20 minutes for a single slice of the sample. This thesis also explores the effects of different thresholding levels on the accuracy of depth determination, as well as the precautions to be taken regarding hardware limitations and signal noise.
Show less

repository.iit

Search the repository

Enabled Filters

Refine Results

Type

Date

Department

Subject

Creator

Rights