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Title: AN ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Creator: Lara, Aurobinda
Date: 2012-04-27, 2012-05
Description: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military...
Show moreWireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. A wireless sensor network consists of nodes that can communicate with each other via wireless links. One way to support efficient communication between sensors is to organize the network into several groups, called clusters, with each cluster electing one node as the head of cluster. Energy efficiency is of great importance for the wireless sensor network (WSN). A popular way to save energy is to construct clusters for data aggregation and forwarding. In this thesis a distributed cluster algorithm is studied to improve the energy consumption efficiency. It was observed that the cluster head has to lie within the transmission range of the base station (sink node) and the distance between cluster head and base station is critical for the energy consumption performance, we proposed a pseudo-cluster and virtual hierarchical clustering scheme (PC-LEACH), which considers the power level of the non-cluster head nodes and the residual energy level during the cluster head selection stage. Consequently we could better balance the chance of being cluster head for all nodes. Simulation results show that the scheme is able to result in longer network lifetime than the well-known protocol LEACH.
M.S. in Electrical Engineering, May 2012
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Title: Test of a 40 hp Halladay chasis
Creator: Fors, A. F., Kuehn, H. R., Semerak, A. W.
Date: 2009, 1913
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/testof40hphallad00fors
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: ENHANCEMENT OF BIODESULFURIZATION IN RHODOCOCCUS SPECIES (IGTS8) BY THE EXPRESSION OF VITREOSCILLA HEMOGLOBIN
Creator: Shivdas, Vrushali D.
Date: 2013, 2013-07
Description: The bacterium Rhodococcus sp. IGTS8 contains the dsz operon, which encodes a three enzyme pathway (the “4S pathway”) that is able to...
Show moreThe bacterium Rhodococcus sp. IGTS8 contains the dsz operon, which encodes a three enzyme pathway (the “4S pathway”) that is able to mineralize the sulfur contained in dibenzothiophene (DBT), an organic sulfur containing molecule found in petroleum. The gene vgb, which encodes Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), has shown wide usefulness in enhancing productivity and other useful properties when expressed in heterologous hosts. We engineered strain IGTS8 to express VHb and measured the effects on growth and desulfurization of DBT, using minimal medium containing DBT as the sole source of sulfur. VHb was clearly detected in the engineered strain using the standard COdifference spectral analysis, but its level (0.38-0.63 nmoles/gm wet weight of cells) was about 10-fold lower than commonly seen for expression of VHb in other heterologous bacterial hosts. The VHb-expressing strain was tested for growth at both low and high aeration in minimal medium containing DBT as sole sulfur source; growth was about 50% lower at low aeration compared with high aeration. Despite this, metabolism of DBT (as detected by accumulation of the end product of the 4S pathway, 2-Hydroxy biphenyl (2-HBP), in the growth medium) was about 30 % higher in the low aeration compared to the high aeration culture. A possible explanation for these results is direct enhancement of the first two (monooxygenase) steps in conversion of DBT to 2-HBP. It was thus concluded from the studies that the expression of vgb in Rhodococcus sp. IGTS8 enhances the process of biodesulfurization under conditions of low aeration
M.S. in Biology, July 2013
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Title: Test of a new type of storage cell
Creator: Allyn, A. J., Torrance, R. S.
Date: 2009, 1906
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/testofnewtypeofs00ally
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: DYNAMICS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOUR-BAR LINKAGE SUBJECT TO RANDOM EXTERNAL FORCING
Creator: Lytell, Mark R.
Date: 2011-11-15, 2011-12
Description: This thesis explores the dynamics of a three-dimensional four-bar mechanical linkage subject to random external forcing. The Lagrangian...
Show moreThis thesis explores the dynamics of a three-dimensional four-bar mechanical linkage subject to random external forcing. The Lagrangian formulation of the equations of motion are index-3 stochastic di erential-algebraic equations (SDAE) that describe the time evolution of the sample paths of the generalized coordinates, velocities, and Lagrange multipliers as stochastic processes. We solve the SDAEs using two di erent approaches: inverse dynamics, Case Study 1, via independent, successive solution of the nonlinear equations for each kinematic variable, where the time evolution of one generalized coordinate is prescribed; and direct dynamics, Case Study 2, via direct solution of the SDAEs in the index-1 formulation, using fourth-order stochastic backward di erentiation formula (BDF) with modi ed Newton iteration and position and velocity stabilization (Ascher and Petzold [2]), where the (deterministic) input driving torque is prescribed. For the particular application of a three-dimensional swing gate security system, we conduct numerical experiments for both approaches. In Case Study 1, we simulate the random external forcing as a Gaussian wind speed process that applies stochastic wind drag onto the gate. The kinematic variables are deterministic, while the required input driving torque is a stochastic process. In Case Study 2, we apply the external forcing as a resistive torque with additive Gaussian noise modeling the wind drag; the kinematic variables are stochastic processes. For both cases, we apply four mean wind speeds: 0 mph (deterministic only), 10 mph, 20 mph, and 30 mph, from which we compute the deterministic solution and three stochastic sample paths for each stochastic process. The overall conclusions are that direct solution is possible for inverse dynamics, that the solution of index-1 SDAEs in multibody dynamics is tractable since the mass matrix is symmetric and positive de nite, and that the deterministic solution is the expectation of the sample paths.
M.S. in Applied Mathematics, December 2011
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Title: GENOME ANNOTATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF 27 SALMONELLA STRAINS BASED ON BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF RESPECTIVE GENOMES AND THREE GENES
Creator: Li, Xinyue
Date: 2013-04-15, 2013-05
Description: Salmonella is the most common food-borne bacterial infectious pathogen worldwide. Different serovars of Salmonella are capable of infecting...
Show moreSalmonella is the most common food-borne bacterial infectious pathogen worldwide. Different serovars of Salmonella are capable of infecting different kinds of hosts, such as humans, mice, pigs, chickens, and can also lead to different syndromes, such as enterica fever, enterocolitis and diarrhea, bacteremia and chronic asymptomatic carriage. Although Salmonella strains are quite diverse, strains within the same serovar usually infect the same host and cause similar symptoms. Thus, it is important, especially in food-borne disease outbreaks, to know which type of Salmonella is present. The current method of typing Salmonella is based on the Kaufmann-White scheme and MLEE, which are laborious and expensive. Although the reliability of this method has not been previously verified, the evolutionary relationship reflected by phylogenetic trees can be a possible alternative to the way of typing the Salmonella strains; this method would be less labor intensive and more economical. MLST is considered as a “gold standard” of typing for many species includes Salmonella. And genome sequence, which certainly reflects the evolutionary relationship of strains, is the most ideal data to construct a more reliable phylogenetic tree; however, genome sequencing is also a laborious and expensive process. Thus, conserved and ubiquitous gene data, which can be accessed with little effort, are generally used to minimize cost. Using16s rRNA is the most widely used method. In this study, 27 Salmonella genome sequences are annotated with RAST, and phylogenetic trees are constructed using three software, (phylip3.69, MEGA5.1, and CVTree). And MLST is also used to construct phylogenetic tree in this study, and the result is used to be compared with genome phylogenetic tree to find a more reliable reference tree. Although Neighbor-Joining method is the only algorithms x available in CVTree, phylip3.69 and MEGA5.1 are capable to use three separate algorithms(Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Neighbor-Joining, respectively). Finally, these trees are compared in an effort to find a good alternative to replace the reference phylogenetic tree. In this study, it was determined that the groEL gene would be the best replacement.
M.S. Biological and Chemical Sciences, May 2013
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Title: A test of an evaporative condenser to determine the coefficient of heat transmission
Creator: Evans, Robert T.
Date: 2009, 1909
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/testofevaporativ00evan
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: A study of motor cycle engine characteristics
Creator: Ott, C. L., Pimstein, S.
Date: 2009, 1916
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/studyofmotorcycl00ottc
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: SEARCHING ENCRYPTED CLOUD DATA
Creator: Urs, Karthik Mahendra Raje
Date: 2011-05-04, 2011-05
Description: The major setback of the cloud is its inability to induce strong trust in its users. For us, the users of the cloud, to be sure of the...
Show moreThe major setback of the cloud is its inability to induce strong trust in its users. For us, the users of the cloud, to be sure of the security of the data from other users, we have to trust cloud. In most of the cases, say if the data were to be hosted on Microsoft’s servers, we can trust Microsoft in its policies to prevent unauthorized access to it from other users (via hacking). But, the issue that is haunting the cloud is this - ”How can we be sure that our data is safe from Cloud service providers themselves?” The most intuitive solution for the cloud service provider to gain trust is to insist we encrypt our data. That is an irrefutable act of honesty from the cloud. But this has some obvious setbacks, few of which would negate the very advantages of cloud. One such issue that dictates the scope of this thesis is this - Typical cryptographic algorithms are not amenable to search. Now, if we were to implement a search engine on cloud (which has the data encrypted), the native search techniques have to be extended on to the cryptographic domain so that the cloud can perform the tasks of a search engine. This thesis explores the solutions to the above mentioned problem of searching over encrypted data, specifically using a secure pre-processed index approach. Though significant ideas have been proposed in the area, there is no concrete implementation to analyze if it can be used in the industrial setting. The main goal of the thesis is to implement a system which supports a variety of searching techniques. We make use of Amazon EC2 and test out the designed systems to evaluate how feasible they are for immediate consumption by the industry.
M.S. in Computer Engineering, May 2011
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Title: VALIDATION OF BAKING TO INACTIVATE SALMONELLA IN HIGH-PROTEIN AND HIGH-FAT MODEL FOODS
Creator: Wang, Wenqian
Date: 2017, 2017-07
Description: Baked food products, such as dry pet foods, undergo changes of temperature and water activity (aw) during forced hot air processes. As one of...
Show moreBaked food products, such as dry pet foods, undergo changes of temperature and water activity (aw) during forced hot air processes. As one of the most thermal resistant microorganisms in low-moisture/intermediate moisture foods, Salmonella’s thermal inactivation kinetics during these processes is not well understood and difficult to predict. The objective of this study was to evaluate thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella enterica serovar Agona 447967 in model high-protein (HP) and high-fat (HF) multiple-component foods baked in a laboratory-scale oven, as influenced by oven temperature and relative humidity (RH). Model high-protein and high-fat foods, formulated with wheat flour, soy protein and soy oil, were inoculated with Salmonella Agona to a level of ~9 log CFU/g, and mixed to form a homogenous dough. Dough samples (57 mm diameter x 6 mm thick) were baked (3 samples per dwell time, 6 dwell times per condition) in a lab-scale oven at 120°C (10% RH) and 85°C (20%, 35% RH, 50% RH), respectively. Temperature and aw were measured at the surface and geometric center of the product during baking. Processed samples were collected in sterile bags and immediately cooled in an ice-water bath. Salmonella was enumerated on trypticase soy agar supplemented with yeast extract and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Similar reductions (p>0.05) of 5.12-, 5.11-, 4.55-, and 4.78-log CFU/g were achieved after 40 min at 120°C/10% RH, 90 min at 85°C/20% RH, 50 min at 85°C/35% RH, 8 min at 85°C/50% RH, respectively, in the high-protein model food. Similar results were achieved in the high-fat matrix. The aw at the geometric center of the product (initially at aw =0.98) did not change appreciably during baking, while the aw at the product surface, the location of least lethality, decreased significantly (p<0.05) during baking; the decreases were more pronounced at lower oven RH. The results indicate that thermal inactivation of Salmonella Agona was driven by temperature and relative humidity in the oven. Higher temperature and higher relative humidity level led to greater Salmonella inactivation.
M.S. in Food Process Engineering, July 2017
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Title: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AIR FLOW OVER A THIN OIL FILM
Creator: Dziedzic, William M.
Date: 2014, 2014-12
Description: Turbulent boundary layer flow research uses oil film and oil drop interferometry to measure wall shear stress of air flows. Oil film...
Show moreTurbulent boundary layer flow research uses oil film and oil drop interferometry to measure wall shear stress of air flows. Oil film interferometry determines the rate oil decreases on a surface as the function of the shear stress magnitude. Current traditional methods have proven to be accurate but the solution is obtained by assuming a linear height distribution [3]. This assumes a constant shear stress along the oil drop and assures that there is no effect of the oil drop on the incoming boundary layer [3]. This effect maintains the continuity of shear stress at the air/oil interface, but the stream-wise velocity at the interface is discontinuous. It is thought that these approximations contain small errors but this has not been verified for zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer [3]. A computational fluid dynamics numerical study was performed to simulate the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) effects of air flow over an oil drop and the drop’s movement across the channel surface.
M.S. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, December 2014
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Title: EARTH ORIENTATION PARAMETER FAULT MONITOR FOR HIGH INTEGRITY GNSS AVIATION APPLICATIONS
Creator: James Meno, Joel Patrick
Date: 2013-05-01, 2013-05
Description: This paper develops threat models and mitigation techniques for mutually consistent satellite faults that are not detectable using Advanced...
Show moreThis paper develops threat models and mitigation techniques for mutually consistent satellite faults that are not detectable using Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) methods but are potentially hazardous to aviation users. Faults in the generation of Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs), EOP Predictions (EOPPs) and their subsequent processing by the GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) are of particular interest. In principle, if such faults are not detected by OCS, GPS satellite ephemerides could be corrupted constellation-wide in a consistent way, rendering existing ARAIM algorithms ineffective. The initial credibility of the EOP threat is established by the fact that it is explicitly listed as a potential integrity failure mode in the current GPS Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard (GPS SPS). Additionally, an observed EOP fault occurred on June 17, 2012. The dynamics of EOP faults can be reliably modeled as an initial bias with additive linear time variations. An initial broadcast ephemeris (A) is assumed to be EOP fault free and is verified as such via a ground monitor. If the second ephemeris (B) contains an EOP fault, then all satellite positions computed using ephemeris (B) would be rotated with respect to satellite positions obtained from ephemeris (A). Using the difference between the two computed satellite positions as the monitor 'measurement' in conjunction with the dynamic fault model, the parameters defining the EOP fault can be estimated using weighted least squares estimation. The two monitor components (airborne and ground) are bridged together by an Integrity Support Message (ISM). The ISM is needed to provide airborne users with essential information to bound nominal error distributions and fault prior probabilities. xiii The ISM also provides a means to inform airborne users of which ephemerides have passed civil ground monitor validation. The frequency of ISM updates needed to protect airborne GNSS users from the EOP threat is specified. Finally, global availability analysis show that the inclusion of the EOP fault detection algorithms does not cause any availability loss for LPV-200 aircraft precision approach applications.
M.S. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, May 2013
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Title: Some experiments on heat transmission
Creator: Ruef, J. E.
Date: 2009, 1912
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/someexperimentso00ruef
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: The synchronous motor
Creator: Sleezer, Frank W., Williams, Wallace, Kelkenney, Artemas A.
Date: 2009, 1907
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/synchronousmotor00slee
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology; Bibliography: leaves 35-37

Title: Test and report of a modern ice plant
Creator: Heim, Karl, Fitch, Joseph E, Jones, Charles H, Hirschfeld, George
Date: 2009, 1909
Publisher: Armour Institute of Technology
Description: http://www.archive.org/details/testreportofmode00heim
Thesis (B.S.)--Armour Institute of Technology

Title: THERMAL STABILITY OF FOOD ALLERGENS AND NONALLERGENIC PROTEINS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Creator: Wu, Yan
Date: 2015, 2015-07
Description: Thermal stability has been proposed as a criterion to assess the allergenic potential of genetically modified foods, but there is a lack of...
Show moreThermal stability has been proposed as a criterion to assess the allergenic potential of genetically modified foods, but there is a lack of information on the relative thermal stability of food allergens vs. nonallergenic proteins. This study compared the thermal stability of several paired food allergens and nonallergenic proteins by measuring the changes in their solubility, antigenicity and thermodynamic properties after thermal treatment using BCA total protein assay, inhibition ELISA assay, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Far-UV Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. The selected protein pairs included bovine α-lactalbumin (allergen) vs. human α-lactalbumin (nonallergen), peanut lectin (allergen) vs. concanavalin A (nonallergen), soybean trypsin inhibitor (allergen) vs. lima bean trypsin inhibitor (nonallergen). With respect to protein solubility, a greater thermal stability was observed for: (1) bovine α-lactalbumin (bovine ALA) when it was autoclaved in water compared with human α-lactalbumin (human ALA) (2) peanut lectin when it was boiled or autoclaved in water compared with concanavalin A (ConA) and (3) soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) when it was boiled in water or PBS, or autoclaved in water compared with lima bean trypsin inhibitor (LTI). Regarding TM values determined by DSC: (1) bovine ALA was more thermally stable than human ALA under both dry-heat treatment and moist-heat treatment (2) ConA was more thermally stable than peanut lectin during moist-heat treatment, while a greater thermal stability was observed for peanut lectin when the protein was under dry-heat treatment (3) LTI was more thermally stable than STI during heating in water or under dry-heat treatment, while a greater thermal stability was observed for STI when the protein was heated in PBS. Based on CD analyses, (1) bovine ALA was more thermally stable than human ALA (2) peanut lectin was more thermally stable than ConA (3) STI and LTI showed similar thermal stability. With respect to antigenicity, a greater thermal stability was observed for: (1) human ALA when it was autoclaved in water compared with bovine ALA (2) ConA when it was boiled or autoclaved in water, or under dry-heat treatment at 176℃ compared with peanut lectin (3) STI when it was autoclaved in PBS compared with LTI. In summary, allergens tended to be more thermally stable than nonallergenic proteins with respect to solubility, but there was no consistent trend in the relative thermal stability of these protein pairs regarding the antigenicity or the TM values. No correlation between thermal stability of the proteins and their allergenic potential was observed.ConA (3) STI and LTI showed similar thermal stability. With respect to antigenicity, a greater thermal stability was observed for: (1) human ALA when it was autoclaved in water compared with bovine ALA (2) ConA when it was boiled or autoclaved in water, or under dry-heat treatment at 176℃ compared with peanut lectin (3) STI when it was autoclaved in PBS compared with LTI. In summary, allergens tended to be more thermally stable than nonallergenic proteins with respect to solubility, but there was no consistent trend in the relative thermal stability of these protein pairs regarding the antigenicity or the TM values. No correlation between thermal stability of the proteins and their allergenic potential was observed.
M.S. in Food Safety and Technology, July 2015
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Title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBEDDED CONTROLLER FOR TWO QUADRANT OPERATION OF BLDC MOTORS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Creator: Liu, Yizhe
Date: 2011-07-06, 2011-07
Description: Due to growing concerns over the availability of non-renewable petroleum products and the increasing emphasis on protecting our environment...
Show moreDue to growing concerns over the availability of non-renewable petroleum products and the increasing emphasis on protecting our environment from green house gas emissions, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles have been gaining increasing popularity over recent years. This has led to the design of advanced drive systems using different electric motors such as BLDC, PMSM, IM and SRM. An electric motor/generator requires controller that not only has a strong I/O control function, but also high speed signal processing ability for realizing real time control. Therefore, a DSP (Digital Signal Processors), which integrates flexible multiple PWM signal generator, high speed high precision ADC and encoder interface for motor speed and position feedback, is considered as one of the strongest controllers for electric motor control. Owing to a growing emphasis on identification, interference, and communication of security services of drive train in intelligent PHEVs and HEVs, a DSP can also be used to identify and isolate security issues in the integrity of the drive train in PHEVs and EVs. This thesis has two main contributions: a) it focuses on the development of an embedded controller using TMS320LF2812 DSP to realize two quadrant control of the BLDC; and b) it develops an automotive test bench to identify and investigate some potential security issues using the embedded controller’s eCAN communication function.
M.S. in Electrical Engineering, May 2011
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Title: STATISTICAL METHODS FOR LARGE-SCALE TRANSPORTATION NETWORK TRAFFIC VOLUME FORECASTING
Creator: Meng, Xiao
Date: 2012-11-27, 2012-12
Description: Forecasting is the procedure of making declarations about future events whose actual outcomes have not yet been observed. A lot of decisions...
Show moreForecasting is the procedure of making declarations about future events whose actual outcomes have not yet been observed. A lot of decisions are made based on predictions of future unknown events. Knowing the essence of forecasting, it is not hard to interpret what traffic volume forecasting is. Traffic volume forecasting is the process of estimating the number of vehicles that will be on a planned highway in the future. It plays important roles in different aspects of transportation and related field, such as highway level of service analysis, measure of effectiveness, highway improvement and expansion, geometric design and air quality analysis, etc. A good forecast is needed for decision making in future land use and transportation planning. City and county planners can provide useful information about land use planning and projected developments. County engineers may provide information about future county projects that may cause detours and changes in traffic patterns along a trunk highway. Highway designers need forecasted traffic volumes to ensure proper geometric designs. Since short term forecasting has been a hot topic on research, many statistical methods have been used, such as the mean, historical moving average, exponential smoothing, and autoregressive integrated moving average. Among them, Box Jenkins method (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) has been found as the best model on forecasting of time series data with seasonality and trend.
M.S. in Civil Engineering, December 2012
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Title: DYNAMIC SIMULATION AND LOAD MODELING FOR VOLTAGE RECOVERY STUDIES WITH THREE-PHASE AND SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Creator: Zhang, Jingpei
Date: 2017, 2017-05
Description: Transient stability topics have been popular in modern power systems and time domain simulation provides an efficient evaluation for...
Show moreTransient stability topics have been popular in modern power systems and time domain simulation provides an efficient evaluation for correlative studies. So far, we have been working on developing advanced time-domain simulator TS3ph, which implements simulation on electromechanical level but with three-phase completed network model to enable unbalanced modeling and simulation. In this paper, modeling and development work of TS3ph are being introduced. Positive-sequence equivalent and three-phase based models, including static var compensator, governor and three-phase induction motor models, are built and validated to evaluate their dynamic behaviors in transient state. Moreover, research work on single phase induction motor model development, including important motor behaviors such as motor stalling, is also introduced in this paper for voltage collapse and recovery study. This is indeed the first time to apply such model on electromechanical simulator as well.
M.S. in Electrical Engineering, May 2017
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Title: TEMPERATURE PROFILES THROUGH THE SHELL IN EGGS HEATED BY INFRARED ENERGY
Creator: Guo, Jingxin
Date: 2012-07-30, 2012-07
Description: Infrared heating is an effective method for surface pasteurization of shell eggs. As the external temperature reaches the inactivation...
Show moreInfrared heating is an effective method for surface pasteurization of shell eggs. As the external temperature reaches the inactivation temperature, internal temperatures could become great enough to denature albumen. However, the internal temperature of albumen at the shell cannot be measured directly. The purpose of this study is to use experimental data to understand the response of the albumen temperature at the shell to infrared radiation impinging at its outer surface. Fresh eggs were obtained from a local producer and refrigerated until needed. They were prepared for each experiment by overnight equilibration with ambient conditions. Each egg was placed on a metal stage over which an infrared lamp was positioned. The stage allowed a K-type thermocouple to be inserted through a small hole in the shell opposite of the shell area facing the lamp. The thermocouple was pushed into the egg such that the tip was against the inner surface of the shell just underneath the exposed area. The external temperature of this area was measured by an infrared pyrometer. Variables for these experiments were temperature of the IR lamp (277°C, 329°C, 391°C and 452°C), distance between shell egg and IR lamp (3.13 cm – 15.83 cm), and treatment time. All experiments share the same initial lag around 30s, suggested that the initial lag did not vary with changing of lamp-egg distances and lamp temperatures. After the initial lag, internal and external temperatures were found to increase at the same rate regardless of experimental parameters, indicating and equilibrium between the infrared energy impinging on the surface and its dissipation in the interior of the egg. The difference of temperature distributes between 10°C to 20°C. However, lowering lamp temperatures or increasing distances did not change this difference significantly. Moreover, the temperature gap sustains the same temperature after initial lag. The results showed that the internal temperature could be inferred via measuring external temperature. This is valuable in processing to maximize external surface temperature while protecting heat sensitive albumen. Future work will involve modeling the heating phenomenon to determine if knowing only the lamp temperature and distance is sufficient for predicting internal temperature.
M.S. in Food Processing Engineering, July 2012
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