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- Title
- COMMUNICATION-BASED DISTRIBUTED CONTROL IN MICROGRIDS AND NETWORKED MICROGRIDS
- Creator
- Zhou, Quan
- Date
- 2019
- Description
-
Microgrids representing localized small-scale power systems are capable of operating as self-controlled entities, which cluster and manage...
Show moreMicrogrids representing localized small-scale power systems are capable of operating as self-controlled entities, which cluster and manage distributed energy resources (DERs) and other smart devices within a defined electrical boundary. By utilizing locally available resources, microgrids reduce their dependencies on the utility grid, which provide more reliable, resilient, and economic power services to local customers. Geographically close microgrids can be connected for forming a networked microgrid system, which provides additional operational flexibility and further enhances the system reliability and resilience by sharing available DERs.Considering variable and controllable characteristics of DERs, locally available DERs need to be appropriately coordinated and controlled to respond to changing loads. The proliferation of microgrids will make it inevitable to rely on communication systems among microgrids for realizing the coordinated control of participating DERs in networked microgrid systems. The networked microgrid system is considered as a cyber-physical system (CPS) which requires sophisticated network technologies to cope with the massive adaption of communication, computation and control devices. Conventionally, a networked system has been managed by a centralized master controller, which processes the data collected from participating DERs and sends operational set points to each participant.Compared with the centralized control strategies, distributed control is more advantageous for connecting participating DERs. The connectivity of distributed control system (i.e., meshed network) is higher than that of a centralized structure (i.e., star network), in particular when critical circumstances are encountered in which some of the network connections are lost. Also, the distributed control system enables parallel data processing and control, which speeds up the networked system response to variable DERs and loads and promote economic merits. The communication-based distributed control strategies have proven to demonstrate higher reliability, resilience, and scalability while possessing lower implementation costs as compared with centralized control strategies.We have proposed several communication-based distributed control strategies for realizing the coordinated operation of participating microgrids and DERs, which can be applied to achieve various operational objectives, including proportional active power sharing, DER plug-and-play capability, seamless microgrid islanding, and resynchronization operations, and optimal economic operations. The benefits and challenges of communication-based distributed control strategies in networked microgrid systems are discussed and addressed in our work. Extensive case studies have been conducted in this thesis to validate the effectiveness of the proposed communication-based distributed controller design.
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- Title
- Novel Chelating Agents for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Theranostic Applications
- Creator
- Zhang, Shuyuan
- Date
- 2022
- Description
-
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that can be used to detect various diseases including cancer. Zirconium...
Show morePositron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that can be used to detect various diseases including cancer. Zirconium-89 (t1/2 = 78.4 h) is one of the positron-emitting radionuclides that has been widely explored for PET imaging because its half-life matches the long biological half-life of antibody. Research efforts have been devoted to the development of chelation chemistry for 89Zr, a bone-seeking radionuclide. Deferoxamine (DFO) is the most frequently used chelator for 89Zr in both clinical and preclinical trials. DFO can rapidly sequester 89Zr to form 89Zr-DFO complex. However, DFO is not an ideal ligand for 89Zr because 89Zr-labeled DFO-antibody conjugate showed high bone uptake in mice. We wanted to develop novel small molecule donors and novel chelators for 89Zr. We discovered N-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine (Py-HA) and 2,6-bis(N-methylhydroxylamino)pyridine (Py-BHA) as small molecule donors for 89Zr. Based on the new small molecule donors (Py-HA and Py-BHA), we have designed and synthesized a series of novel macrocyclic chelators containing TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane), CYCLEN (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), and a diaza-crown ether backbone for 89Zr-based PET imaging applications. Moreover, bifunctional chelators (BFCs) structured on TACN and diaza-18-crown-6 were synthesized for conjugation to antibody. Theranostics contains a diagnostic agent and a therapeutic drug that can be used for simultaneous therapy and imaging of diseases. Radiotheranostics includes radiometal complexes for both therapy and imaging. 177Lu is a promising radiotheranostic metal because it can emit gamma radiation for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and emit β radiation for radiotherapy. A radioisotope pair with complementary emission such as 64Cu/67Cu and 86Y/90Y, can be used for PET imaging and radiotherapy. In this study, we synthesized nonfunctional TACN and diaza crown ether-backboned chelators containing different donor groups for 177Lu, 64Cu/67Cu, and 86Y/90Y. Finally, two bifunctional chelators were synthesized for coupling with hydroxamic acid-based small molecule as a potential histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor to generate a small molecule ligand-chelator conjugate (SMLC) for theranostic applications.
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- Title
- World Languages and Cultures Club
- Creator
- Muhammad, Ahmad, Petkov, Kamen, Converse, Christopher, Youssef, Nikhil, Honda, Julia, Watatani, Allen, Brown, Jacob
- Date
- 2022
- Description
-
Presentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to...
Show morePresentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to make meaningful contributions to the campus and the Illinois Tech community in three focus areas known as the Camras Pillars: leadership, research, and service. The Camras Scholars Program (CSP) is a student-led organization that oversees and runs the program for current Camras scholarship recipients and alumni.
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- Title
- Analysis on the Persisting Effects of Redlining in Chicago Neighborhoods as it relates to Green Infrastructure
- Creator
- Meyer, Joel, Brizzolara, Gemma
- Date
- 2022
- Description
-
Presentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to...
Show morePresentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to make meaningful contributions to the campus and the Illinois Tech community in three focus areas known as the Camras Pillars: leadership, research, and service. The Camras Scholars Program (CSP) is a student-led organization that oversees and runs the program for current Camras scholarship recipients and alumni.
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- Title
- Camras Scholars Website
- Creator
- Wong, Jocelyn, Melchor, Jovany, Zainedin, Hazim, Robbins, Hayley, Wrobel, Katherine, Patel, Pooja
- Date
- 2022
- Description
-
Presentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to...
Show morePresentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to make meaningful contributions to the campus and the Illinois Tech community in three focus areas known as the Camras Pillars: leadership, research, and service. The Camras Scholars Program (CSP) is a student-led organization that oversees and runs the program for current Camras scholarship recipients and alumni.
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- Title
- Beyond the Sole: Where Human Performance Meets Data Analytics
- Creator
- Muhammad, Ahmad
- Date
- 2022
- Description
-
Presentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to...
Show morePresentation describing a Pillar project completed as part of the Camras Scholars Program at Illinois Tech. Camras scholars are expected to make meaningful contributions to the campus and the Illinois Tech community in three focus areas known as the Camras Pillars: leadership, research, and service. The Camras Scholars Program (CSP) is a student-led organization that oversees and runs the program for current Camras scholarship recipients and alumni.
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- Title
- Conflicts of Interest in Engineering
- Creator
- Davis, Michael, Wells, Paula, Jones, Hardy
- Date
- 2009, 1986
- Publisher
- Kendalll/Hunt Publishing Company
- Description
-
This module begins by examining the Hydrolevel case, and uses this as a way to highlight relevant principles regarding conflict of interest in...
Show moreThis module begins by examining the Hydrolevel case, and uses this as a way to highlight relevant principles regarding conflict of interest in engineering, and to discuss the importance of these principles for engineers as professionals and moral agents. The module then considers four applications of these principles drawn from the “Opinions” of the Board of Ethical Review of the National Society of Professional Engineers. The module also includes ten short cases to be used in classroom discussion. It also includes professional codes from the National Society of Professional Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Sponsorship: Exxon Education Foundation
The Module Series in Applied Ethics was produced by the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions in under a grant from the Exxon Education Foundation. This series is intended for use in a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education programs in such areas as science and/or technology public policy, and professional ethics courses in engineering, business, and computer science.
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- Title
- Assessing Graduate Student Progress in Engineering Ethics
- Creator
- Davis, Michael, Feinerman, Alan
- Date
- 2010-11-10, 2011
- Publisher
- Springer
- Description
-
Under a grant from the National Science Foundation, the authors (and others) undertook to integrate ethics into graduate engineering classes...
Show moreUnder a grant from the National Science Foundation, the authors (and others) undertook to integrate ethics into graduate engineering classes at three universities—and to assess success in a way allowing comparison across classes (and institutions). This paper describes the attempt to carry out that assessment. Standard methods of assessment turned out to demand too much class time. Under pressure from instructors, the authors developed an alternative method that is both specific in content to individual classes and allows comparison across classes. Results are statistically significant for ethical sensitivity and knowledge. They show measurable improvement in a single semester.
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- Title
- 'Ain't No One Here But Us Social Forces' : Constructing the Social Responsibility of Engineers.
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2011-04, 2011-06
- Publisher
- Springer
- Description
-
There are many ways to avoid responsibility, for example, explaining what happens as the work of the gods, fate, society, or the system. For...
Show moreThere are many ways to avoid responsibility, for example, explaining what happens as the work of the gods, fate, society, or the system. For engineers, “technology” or “the organization” will serve this purpose quite well. We may distinguish at least nine (related) senses of “responsibility”, the most important of which are: (a) responsibility-as-causation (the storm is responsible for flooding), (b) responsibility-as-liability (he is the person responsible and will have to pay), (c) responsibility-as-competency (he’s a responsible person, that is, he’s rational), (d) responsibility-as-office (he’s the responsible person, that is, the person in charge), and (e) a responsibility-as-domain-of-tasks (these are her responsibilities, that is, the things she is supposed to do). For all but the causal sense of responsibility, responsibility may be taken (in a relatively straightforward sense)—and generally is. Why then would anyone want to claim that certain technologies make it impossible to attribute responsibility to engineers (or anyone else)? In this paper, I identify seven arguments for that claim and explain why each is fallacious. The most important are: (1) the argument from “many hands”, (2) the argument from individual ignorance, and (3) the argument from blind forces. Each of these arguments makes the same fundamental mistake, the assumption that a certain factual situation, being fixed, settles responsibility, that is, that individuals, either individually or by some group decision, cannot take responsibility. I conclude by pointing out the sort of decisions (and consequences) engineers have explicitly taken responsibility for and why taking responsibility for them is rational, all things considered. There is no technological bar to such responsibility.
Science and Engineering Ethics.
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- Title
- Ethics and Biotechnology - Identifying Issues in the Face of Uncertainities
- Creator
- Weil, Vivian
- Date
- 2009, 1995
- Publisher
- Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, IIT
- Description
-
The aim of this paper is to delineate ethical issues raised by applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture.
- Title
- A Case of "Gray Plagiarism" from the History of the History of Computing
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2006, 2006
- Publisher
- Plagiary : Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsfication
- Description
-
Claiming as one's own what one knows to be the discovery of another is certainly plagiarism. But what about merely failing to acknowledge the...
Show moreClaiming as one's own what one knows to be the discovery of another is certainly plagiarism. But what about merely failing to acknowledge the work of another where one does not give the impression that the discovery is one's own? Does it matter how easy it was to make the discovery? This paper analyzes a case in this gray area in academic ethics. The focus is not on the failure to attribute itself but on the attempt of an independent scholar who, believing himself to be the victim of "gray plagiarism”, sought a forum in which to make his complaint. The story could be told from several perspectives. I shall tell it primarily from the perspective of the complainant, an outsider, because I believe that way of telling it best reveals the need to think more deeply about how we (acting for the universities to which we belong) assign credit, especially to scholars outside, and about how we respond when someone complains of a failure to assign credit. My purpose is not to indict individuals but to change a system. This paper updates a case I first described in 1993.
Davis, M. (2006). “Gray Plagiarism”: A Case from the History of the History of Computing. Plagiary: Cross‐Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification, 1 (7): 1‐18.
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- Title
- Do the Professional Ethics of Chemists and Engineers Differ ?
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2011, 2002
- Publisher
- HYLE - International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry
- Description
-
This paper provides a sketch of my general way of understanding professions and then applies that sketch to a specific question, how to...
Show moreThis paper provides a sketch of my general way of understanding professions and then applies that sketch to a specific question, how to distinguish between two very similar professions, chemistry and engineering. I argue that the professional ethics of chemists do differ from the professional ethics of engineers and that the differences are important. The argument requires definition of both ‘ethics’ and ‘profession’ – as well delving into the details of chemistry and engineering.
HYLE – International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry Vol. 8, No . 1 (2002) http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/8-1/davis.htm
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- Title
- Ethics in the Details : Communicating Engineering Ethics via Micro-Insertion
- Creator
- Davis, Michael, Riley, Kathryn, Cox, Apryl, Maciukenas, James
- Date
- 2009, 2009
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Description
-
Work is described on a National Science Foundation grant that supports the development, assessment, and dissemination of “micro-insertion”...
Show moreWork is described on a National Science Foundation grant that supports the development, assessment, and dissemination of “micro-insertion” problems designed to integrate ethics into the graduate engineering curriculum. In contrast to traditional modular approaches to ethics pedagogy, micro-insertions introduce ethical issues by means of a “low-dose” approach. Following a description of the micro-insertion approach, we outline the workshop structure being used to teach engineering faculty and graduate students how to write micro-insertions for graduate engineering courses, with particular attention to how the grant develops engineering students’ (and faculty members’) ability to communicate across disciplinary boundaries. We also describe previous and planned methods for assessing the effectiveness of micro-insertions. Finally, we explain the role that technical communication faculty and graduate students are playing as part of the grant team, specifically in developing an Ethics In-Basket that will disseminate micro-insertions developed during the grant.
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications Vol. 52, Issue 1, pp. 95-108.
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- Title
- IIT's Workshops for Integrating Ethics into Technical Courses : Some Lessons Learned
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2006, 2006
- Publisher
- Philosophy Documentation Center
- Description
-
In 1990, IIT's Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions received a grant of more than $210,000 from the National Science Foundation...
Show moreIn 1990, IIT's Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions received a grant of more than $210,000 from the National Science Foundation to try a campus-wide approach to integrating professional ethics into its technical curriculum; in 1996, the Center received another $100,000 to continue the project, with the emphasis on passing along to other institutions what was learned at IIT; and, in 2000, the Center received a third grant for three years, with the same emphasis, for $244,000. Between 1990 and 2004, more than 160 faculty “graduated” from the workshop and another dozen or so attended as unofficial volunteers. I was the principal investigator under all three grants, but shared the work with three co-PIs, the “we” in what follows. Though I generally prefer to emphasize what we did right, emphasizing what I now think we should have done differently should be more helpful here. There are at least three reasons why that should be so. First, I have already made many presentations, including several in Japan, arguing the (very real) merits of what we did. While repetition can help to make a point, sooner or later, though usually sooner, the effect of repetition ceases to repay the effort. I fear I may have reached that point. Second, I have nowhere before said much about what now seem mistakes —or, at least, lost opportunities. Discussing them here should add to what is known about ethics workshops. Adding to that knowledge seems worthy in itself. Third, you are already committed to ethics across the curriculum. The question before you now is how to carry out that commitment. I believe there is much to learn from our mistakes. We certainly learned much from the mistakes of those whose workshops we studied before undertaking our own. Running that workshop included the following activities: recruiting, scheduling, content, and research. For each activity, I will first briefly explain what we did and then what I now think we should have done.
Teaching Ethics, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 1-14
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- Title
- The Moral Status of Loyality
- Creator
- Baron, Marcia
- Date
- 2009, 1984
- Publisher
- Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, IIT
- Description
-
This module looks at the moral issue of putting one’s loyalty to his or her company before other moral demands, such as one’s professional...
Show moreThis module looks at the moral issue of putting one’s loyalty to his or her company before other moral demands, such as one’s professional judgment and questions of public welfare. Focusing on the issues specific to engineers, the module analyzes the concept and nature of loyalty, isolates its positive and negative features, and determines, within broad parameters, when it is right to act loyally and when other moral considerations take precedence. Includes a bibliography of related materials.
Sponsorship: Exxon Education Foundation
The Module Series in Applied Ethics was produced by the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions in under a grant from the Exxon Education Foundation. This series is intended for use in a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education programs in such areas as science and/or technology public policy, and professional ethics courses in engineering, business, and computer science.
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- Title
- Proceedings of the XLIII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics
- Creator
- Chekanov, Sergei, Sullivan, Zack
- Date
- 2013, 2013-09-15
- Publisher
- IIT Press
- Description
-
This Proceedings of the XLIII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics (ISMD 2013) contains summaries of some of the outstanding...
Show moreThis Proceedings of the XLIII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics (ISMD 2013) contains summaries of some of the outstanding research presented at the 2013 meeting. The 2013 Symposium was held at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago, Illinois over September 15–20. The Symposium was jointly organized by the IIT College of Science and the High Energy Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory. More than 100 participants from nearly 20 countries participated in the Symposium to review progress and discuss upcoming issues in the fields of high-energy physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics. The International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics (ISMD) is a major international high-energy conference which attracts participants with a common interest in reactions involving a large number of particles. From the beginning, the goal was to bring experimentalists and theorists together to discuss all aspects multiparticle dynamics, from new analysis techniques to the latest discoveries.
Sponsorship: IIT College of Science, High Energy Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory
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- Title
- Replacement as a Problem for Justification of Preventative Detention
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2011, 2011-04
- Publisher
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice of The City University of New Yor
- Description
-
What makes Don E. Scheid’s article on indefinite detention interesting is that he thinks through many of the moral issues inherent in...
Show moreWhat makes Don E. Scheid’s article on indefinite detention interesting is that he thinks through many of the moral issues inherent in attempting to prevent (or, rather, keep to a minimum) certain kinds of violent crime, an attempt we have come to call (however unwisely) ‘‘the war on terror.’’ Scheid takes ‘‘war’’ as literally as possible, while making the reasonable assumption that this war, unlike wars generally, is not a temporary expedient responding to a moral emergency but an institution that must operate at full power for a long time, decades at least. Scheid’s argument yields a long list of preconditions for justified indefinite preventive detention: a high standard of dangerousness (‘‘mega-terrorism’’), a reasonable standard of proof of dangerousness, as good an investigation as conditions will allow, adequate resources for the defense, a hearing before a fair and independent tribunal, detention under the most comfortable conditions practical, and periodic review of the detainee’s supposed dangerousness. To these preconditions one more should be added: that detaining the persons in question will reduce the danger posed. I take this additional precondition to follow from Scheid’s own defense of indefinite detention, not from an independent argument. Scheid limits his argument to megaterrorists because the scale of destruction they have already achieved (for example, destruction of the World Trade Center) shows them to be dangerous on a scale ordinary crime is not and so to invite measures of prevention beyond what seems necessary (or proper) for ordinary criminals. Scheid explicitly declines to consider the non-consequentialist argument that preventive detention is what a mega-terrorist deserves for his character or for what he has already done. Scheid’s argument for preventive detention is consequentialist throughout: we may, and should, detain to prevent (or at least substantially reduce the probability of) the large-scale destruction of life that mega-terrorists aim at. We may justifiably deny a few, including some innocent persons, their freedom because, and only because, it makes the rest of us, the great majority, considerably safer. My additional precondition can be defended in the same way: where there is no danger posed, any detention is (all else equal) a net loss in happiness, well being, or whatever reasonable measure of consequences we adopt. A precondition of preventative detention must be a net reduction in danger posed. Where what is proposed is an institution of preventative detention, the institution must have that effect overall. What I shall argue here is that preventive detention generally fails to satisfy this condition and Scheid’s indefinite preventive detention of mega-terrorists always does. An institution to prevent terrorism by detaining terrorists cannot, in practice, significantly reduce the danger terrorism poses.
Criminal Justice Ethics. Vol. 30, No. 1, April 2011, 90-97.
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- Title
- University Research and the Wages of Commerce.
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2006, 1991
- Publisher
- Notre Dame Law School
- Description
-
This is a response to a talk given by Ralph Nader on "The Relationship Between the University and Business and Industry." The author...
Show moreThis is a response to a talk given by Ralph Nader on "The Relationship Between the University and Business and Industry." The author acknowledges that a problems do come up when universities have close ties with industry. However, the author explores the reality of these partnerships through some examples of his own experience at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
Journal of College and University Law, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1991. pp. 29-38.
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- Title
- The Usefulness of Moral Theory in Practical Ethics: A Question of Comparative Cost (A Response to Harris)
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2009, 2009
- Publisher
- Philosophy Documentation Center
- Description
-
I find myself agreeing with almost everything in Harris’s defense of moral theory except the end: moral theories can often be useful in...
Show moreI find myself agreeing with almost everything in Harris’s defense of moral theory except the end: moral theories can often be useful in resolving moral dilemmas. Both students and practitioners of practical ethics should be constantly reminded of this, because in practical ethics we need all of the help we can get. If (as it seems) these two sentences state the conclusion, Harris has committed a non sequitur. While making a good argument for the general usefulness of moral theory in practical ethics, he has not made any argument for its usefulness to students or practitioners as such. He has simply assumed that what is true of some who engage in practical ethics is true of students and practitioners in particular. In theory, of course, moral theory should be useful even to students and practitioners, helping them to identify issues they might have overlooked, to seek information they might otherwise not have thought relevant, and to formulate courses of action that might not otherwise have occurred to them. In practice, however, moral theory will seldom, if ever, be useful (or, at least, useful enough). We do not (as Harris claims) need all the help we can get in practical ethics. What we need is all the help we can get at reasonable cost. We should only invest the time and effort needed to learn and use moral theory when the investment is no greater than for an otherwise equally useful alternative. Since there is at least one equally useful alternative requiring much less investment, the time and effort students and practitioners would have to invest in moral theory will (in general) be much greater than necessary for their purposes. So, neither students nor practitioners need moral theory.
Teaching Ethics Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 69-78
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- Title
- Doing the Minimum as an Alternative to Exercising Reasonable Care in a Professional Role
- Creator
- Davis, Michael
- Date
- 2008, 2000
- Description
-
In the second edition of ENGINEERING ETHICS:CASES AND CONCEPTS (Wadsworth, 2000), Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins distinguish three conceptions...
Show moreIn the second edition of ENGINEERING ETHICS:CASES AND CONCEPTS (Wadsworth, 2000), Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins distinguish three conceptions of professional responsibility: the "minimalist," the "reasonable care" and the "good works". Of the minimalist conception, they say (among other things) that it "holds that engineers have a duty to conform to the standard operating procedures of their profession and to fulfill the basic duties of their job defied by the terms of their employment." (p.101). In contrast, the reasonable care conception "moves beyond the minimalist view's concern to 'stay out of trouble'. (p.103) I will argue that this distinction is incoherent, that the "minimalist conception" (so defined) necessarily includes not only reasonable care but at least some of what Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins classify as "good works". I conclude with a suggestion for what they might say instead about a certain "minimalist attitude" one finds in business (though it truth, it should be called "sub-minimalist".
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Professional and Practical Ethics (A.P.P.E.), Washington, DC, February 26, 2000.
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