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Title: EXAMINING THE ROLES OF PUBLIC STIGMA AND ACCULTURATION ON CARE-SEEKING IN PAKISTANIS
Creator: Laique, Aamir
Date: 2021
Description: Pakistani Americans face bi-directional cultural influences related to their heritage culture and the mainstream culture of the host. The...
Show morePakistani Americans face bi-directional cultural influences related to their heritage culture and the mainstream culture of the host. The present study examined the impact of culture on the relationship between public stigma and care-seeking attitudes. A sample of 158 Pakistani Americans was collected using MTurk. Hierarchical regression was conducted to examine the moderating effect of heritage acculturation and mainstream acculturation on the relationship between public stigma and care-seeking. Multiple regression analysis predicting care-seeking from public stigma, heritage acculturation, and mainstream acculturation did not yield a statistically significant model. Hierarchical regression analyses examining the moderating effect of heritage acculturation and mainstream acculturation were non-significant. Acculturation had no notable impact on stigma and care-seeking. This study was unable to demonstrate significant results. Future considerations should include inter-generational differences, other forms of stigma that may play a crucial role, and inclusion of different measures to determine if there are other scales better suited for the target population.
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Title: CITIZENSHIP PRESSURE, JOB STRESS, AND WORK-TO-FAMILY CONFLICT: THE MODERATING ROLE OF FLEXIBILITY IDIOSYNCRATIC DEALS
Creator: Ahmed, Shujaat Farah
Date: 2020
Description: Organizational expectations of employee performance have been expanding over time from traditional core task behaviors to include extra duties...
Show moreOrganizational expectations of employee performance have been expanding over time from traditional core task behaviors to include extra duties which may not be out of volition (Bolino, Turnley, Gilstrap, & Suazo, 2010). However, this extra work comes at a price, as employees are exhausted (Bolino et al., 2010) which can have health implications. Yet, no previous studies have examined the mechanism by which citizenship pressure is related to work interfering with family (WIF) conflict. Consequently, this study investigated an underlying mechanism, job stress, through which citizenship pressure was hypothesized to be related to work-family conflict from the work perspective, i.e., WIF conflict. This study also sought to identify the moderating role of flexibility idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) in the relationship of citizenship pressure with a) job stress, and b) WIF conflict. Data were collected across two waves with a time separation of one month in between waves. A total of 323 workers (mean age = 36.2) across industries in the United States participated in the study. Sixty-three percent identified as women, and 37% were men. Regression analyses were used to test the first three hypotheses. PROCESS was used to test the remainder of the hypotheses. Results for the regressions indicated that citizenship pressure was related at job stress and WIF conflict. Further, job stress was related to WIF conflict. Subsequently, the mediation hypothesis was significant. However, the moderation, and moderated mediation models were not statistically significant. I conducted post-hoc analyses to determine other possible significant paths in the model. The indirect effect of WIF conflict through the citizenship pressure and job stress link was statistically significant, thereby supporting an alternate mediation hypothesis. Perceived flexibility i-deals significantly moderated citizenship pressure and WIF conflict at time 1 only. The implications of this study are: managers should focus on their employees’ stressor experiences, as extra work beyond one’s specified job role is increasingly expected of employees. By doing so, pressure may be reduced through improving perceptions that employees can negotiate flexibility i-deals. This is especially important in an era of scarce resources, as pressure to go the extra mile is linked to a number of negative outcomes, such as increased WIF conflict and job stress.
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Title: Testing Models of Minority Stress and Cognitive Escape in a Large Sample of Lesbian/Gay Individuals
Creator: Manser, Kelly
Date: 2020
Description: Compared to heterosexual individuals, gay/lesbian individuals experience health and sociopolitical disparities. Health disparities include...
Show moreCompared to heterosexual individuals, gay/lesbian individuals experience health and sociopolitical disparities. Health disparities include higher prevalence of binge drinking, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among gay/lesbian individuals. Sociopolitical disparities are rooted in structural stigma and include policies and norms that fail to protect, or actively discriminate against, gay/lesbian individuals. These health and sociopolitical disparities can be understood by converging two theories previously tested among gay/lesbian individuals – minority stress and cognitive escape. Minority stress theory asserts factors such as structural stigma may relate to proximal stress and negative health sequelae in targeted minority groups, while cognitive escape theory suggests escape-related behaviors like substance use may mediate links between systemic factors and individual health. This study used binary logistic regressions to test mediation models in which substance use mediated links between structural stigma and health within a large sample of gay/lesbian individuals. Structural stigma was operationalized as number of sexual orientation anti-discrimination laws, health was operationalized as presence versus absence of any CVD conditions, and substance use was operationalized as binge drinking and tobacco use. Models were tested in an aggregated sample, and also in sex/gender subsamples. In bivariate and component-path analyses, structural stigma predicted smoking frequency across samples. Stigma-binge drinking linkages were more salient among lesbian women compared to gay men. According to Sobel tests, smoking status mediated the stigma-CVD status relation for males-only and combined-sex samples. Study strengths, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Title: Measuring Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Model Fit and Measurement Invariance of a New Assessment Tool
Creator: Hedrick, Laura
Date: 2019
Description: The importance of studying Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) as part of the system of maternal-child perinatal functioning is well established...
Show moreThe importance of studying Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) as part of the system of maternal-child perinatal functioning is well established in the literature, as MFA relates to health-related and psychosocial variables both during pregnancy and after the infant is born (e.g., positive health behaviors in pregnancy; levels of maternal stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms; positive parenting behaviors after the child is born; and secure infant attachment at age one year). Despite the apparent value of studying MFA, there is no acceptable measurement tool for the construct. Existing assessment tools often do not meet minimum psychometric standards, may not be practical for broad research application, and have demonstrated inconsistent results in correlational research. Therefore, a clear need exists for a measurement scale with strong psychometric properties that is based on empirically supported development strategies. The present line of research sought to fill this need. The process of developing a new measurement tool began in a previous study, Hedrick (2015), which used Exploratory Factor Analyses to identify options for a potential measurement scale from subsets of a large pool of items intended to measure MFA. In Hedrick (2015), three options were identified as acceptable, then compared based on ranges of communalities, percentage of variance explained, internal consistency, and performance on two measures of concurrent and discriminant validity. However, these assessments failed to differentiate a single option as most preferable. Therefore, the first aim of present study was to complete the task of differentiating among the working measures to choose a measurement scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to attempt to determine which working measure from the EFA study had the factor structure that fit best in a second sample of participants. The CFA process was not able to differentiate a superior working measure from the options. Therefore, the most theoretically sound of the three was chosen to use as a measurement tool, with some small adjustments made based on the CFA results. To continue to establish the validity of the new questionnaire measure, the second aim of the study was to assess its measurement invariance among different administration methods and populations. The measurement tool was found to be non-invariant in both areas. Specifically, the results of the measurement invariance analyses indicated that the measure should be administered on paper rather than online, would be best applied in research in African American/Black populations than in research with other racial/ethnic groups, and should not be used to compare MFA scores among racial/ethnic groups. Measurement invariance analyses also revealed that the scale was non-invariant at the metric level regarding parity groups. The implications of these findings for further research is discussed.
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Title: MEN, WOMEN, AND LEADERS: THE EFFECT OF GENDER-LEADER CATEGORY CONGRUENCE ON SUPERVISOR EVALUATIONS
Creator: Lauritsen, Matthew William
Date: 2020
Description: Researchers employing Schein’s (1973, 1975) paradigm, ubiquitously conclude that the greater conceptual distance between leaders and women...
Show moreResearchers employing Schein’s (1973, 1975) paradigm, ubiquitously conclude that the greater conceptual distance between leaders and women compared to leaders and men is problematic for women in leadership roles. Six hundred eighty participants were recruited from MTurk to rate men, women, and leaders on agency and communion. Using polynomial regression analysis, the category congruence hypothesis was tested using two theories as interpretive frameworks: implicit leadership theory (ILT) and role congruity theory (RCT). A strict congruence effect was not found for any of the models. The results generally supported ILT, supervisor evaluations were highest when perceived supervisor characteristics exceeded the respondents’ leader category expectations. The results did not support RCT’s hypothesis about the negative effects of incongruence of women and leader category. Supervisor evaluations were highest when respondents held traditional gender stereotypes, not when they were congruent with the leader prototype. However, a general incongruence effect was found between male communion stereotypes and leader communion stereotypes leading to lower evaluations for male supervisors. That is, for men supervisors, the highest ratings were associated with high communion ratings of both men and leader categories. The results of this study are further discussed in relation to gender-leader category congruence and leadership.
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Title: The Role of Ethnic Similarity, Perceived Communication Style Deviation, and Cultural Intelligence in Leader-Member Exchange and Trust
Creator: Polyashuk, Yelena
Date: 2019
Description: This study examined those factors that contribute to a better working relationship between a leader and a subordinate or make that working...
Show moreThis study examined those factors that contribute to a better working relationship between a leader and a subordinate or make that working relationship challenging. Specifically, we investigated the effect of ethnic configuration within the leader-subordinate dyad and perceived dissimilarity on Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and trust. Communication style deviation was tested as a mediator between actual, as well as perceived dissimilarity and relational outcomes. Cultural Intelligence (CQ) was included as a moderator, the presence of which could ameliorate the negative impact of dissimilarity on LMX and trust. In order to test these predictions, a survey was administered to 614 participants. Participants were working students at an urban, Midwestern, public university. Results showed that in presence of low CQ among respondents, there was a negative impact of ethnic dissimilarity on LMX. However, no impact of ethnic similarity/dissimilarity on trust was found. Specific dyad composition of the leader-subordinate dyad had no significant impact on LMX or trust. Finally, communication style deviation partially mediated the relationship between perceived dissimilarity and the two outcome variables of LMX and trust. These findings revealed that in order to build a high-quality relationship within an ethnically diverse leader-subordinate dyad, both CQ and alignment in communication style are of consequence.
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Title: Self-Stigma & Vicarious Stigma Experienced by Parents of Children with Mental Health Challenges
Creator: Serchuk, Marisa Dyan
Date: 2019
Description: Research has been limited regarding the stigma experienced by parents of children with mental health challenges. It is commonly understood...
Show moreResearch has been limited regarding the stigma experienced by parents of children with mental health challenges. It is commonly understood that stigma effects people with lived-experience (e.g., a child with mental health challenges), however, stigma has been noted to have a wide scope, which extends to family members as well. Parents of children with mental health challenges have been found to endorse aspects of self-stigma, specifically regarding public stereotypes of blame and feelings of incompetence. Vicarious stigma is a fairly new area of research, which describes the sad and/or angry response a parent may experience when witnessing their child being stigmatized. The purpose of this study is to examine emotional and behavioral outcomes related to specific types of stigma experienced by parents of children with mental health challenges. Archival data from a larger study of adult participants (N=50), who identified as having a child (age 3-10 years old) with mental health challenges, completed measures examining self-stigma, vicarious stigma, stress, depression, quality of life, disclosure, secrecy coping, and help-seeking. A novel measurement for vicarious stigma was introduced and examined in this study. Results found higher levels of self-stigma and dimensions of vicarious stigma were associated with higher levels of depression as well as diminished quality of life. Higher levels of self-stigma were also associated with lower perceived benefits of disclosing and greater levels of secrecy coping. These findings highlight the importance of further examining the role of stigma for parents of children with mental health challenges.
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Title: Development of a Job Attitudes Composite for Measuring Employee Engagement
Creator: Vallejo, Rodney Scott
Date: 2019
Description: The measurement of employee engagement is important for researchers and practitioners given its relation to positive work outcomes and...
Show moreThe measurement of employee engagement is important for researchers and practitioners given its relation to positive work outcomes and importance to company success. Although numerous measures of employee engagement have been established, they lack depth and fall short in potentially explaining why an employee may or may not be engaged in the workplace. The current study aimed to provide an alternative way of measuring employee engagement at a finer level by utilizing job attitudes and a composite approach. Specifically, job attitudes from an employee survey instrument that were identified as antecedents to employee engagement were organized into a composite and relationships with employee engagement and employee turnover were tested. Results showed a both relationship between a composite of job attitudes and employee engagement and utility of the composite by predicting employee turnover.
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Title: DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ADHD: CLINICIAN CHARACTERISTICS, METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS, DIAGNOSTIC RATES, AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
Creator: Haak, Christopher Luke
Date: 2019
Description: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the top five most common referrals among all neuropsychologists (Sweet et al. 2015)...
Show moreAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the top five most common referrals among all neuropsychologists (Sweet et al. 2015) and continues to elicit public and professional concern about over-diagnosis in children (Sciutto & Eisenberg, 2007) and under-diagnosis in adults (Asheron et al., 2012; Kooji et al., 2010). In recent years, the prevalence of ADHD has increased (Polanczyk et al., 2007 & 2014, Thomas et al., 2015). It is unclear what is driving these changes though changes in criteria may be playing a role (van de Voort et al., 2014). Further, there has been little research on whether professional training, beliefs, and practice factors can influence the likelihood to diagnose ADHD. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which neuropsychologists’ professional characteristics, training, and beliefs about ADHD diagnosis and treatment influence their likelihood to diagnose ADHD. The study also evaluated whether there are differences in assessing and treating ADHD based upon the client population focus (child, lifespan, or adult) of neuropsychologists. Participants in this study were 106 neuropsychologists from across the United States and Canada who were recruited through neuropsychology listservs to participate in an online survey. Results indicated that population focus was associated with significant differences in approach to diagnosing and treating ADHD, with child- and lifespan-focused neuropsychologists reporting higher rates of ADHD diagnosis. Additionally, having a higher percent of clinical cases in which ADHD is a referral question and greater self-reported adherence to following full diagnostic criteria for making a diagnosis were associated with higher ADHD diagnostic rates, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and other professional characteristics. This study is among the first to examine specific clinician factors impacting diagnostic rates and its findings have several implications for practice and research.
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Title: Testing a pilot intervention aiming to increase transgender allyship among future healthcare providers
Creator: Yoder, Wren
Date: 2021
Description: Transgender individuals often experience poor health outcomes related to a lack of provider knowledge and comfort around transgender issues. ...
Show moreTransgender individuals often experience poor health outcomes related to a lack of provider knowledge and comfort around transgender issues. Ally identity development and cultural humility theories have been used to develop interventions shown to improve attitudes, knowledge, and skills related to being an ally to the transgender community. Additionally, healthcare providers have reported a desire for online tools related to transgender healthcare, and online interventions can be more cost effective than traditional in-person trainings. The current study developed an hour-long online intervention composed of six activities aiming to increase attitudes, knowledge, skills, and identification as an ally to the transgender community. Tests were conducted to assess whether these domains increased significantly from baseline to post in the intervention condition compared to the control condition and whether the increase was maintained at 2-week follow up. The sample included cisgender (i.e., male or female) students studying a subject related to healthcare recruited online through Prolific (N = 78). Results indicated that knowledge and skills increased significantly from baseline to post in the intervention condition compared to the control condition, and increases were maintained at 2-week follow up. However, this was not the case for attitudes and identity. These findings largely replicate existing research on knowledge about transgender individuals and provide new insights into skills, attitudes, and identity related to transgender allyship. Findings can inform future research on transgender allyship intervention design and allyship theory as well as support improvements in clinical practice and policy related to transgender healthcare services.
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Title: ARE SUPPORTIVE FOSTER CAREGIVERS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED FOSTER CARE ALUMNI OUTCOMES? A LONGITUDINAL EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF SUPPORTIVE FOSTER CAREGIVERS ON MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
Creator: Dunn, Megan Reeves
Date: 2021
Description: Foster youth are a vulnerable population associated with poor health outcomes, but relatively little research has identified factors that may...
Show moreFoster youth are a vulnerable population associated with poor health outcomes, but relatively little research has identified factors that may mitigate adverse outcomes for these youth. The present study augments previous research by utilizing a nationally representative, longitudinal study (The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health or Add Health) to investigate whether foster youth in the United States face significantly different mental and behavioral health outcomes compared with same-age peers, and second, whether presence of a supportive foster caregiver may predict better mental and behavioral health outcomes in the foster youth subsample. Using data from Waves III and IV of the Add Health study (N = 12,288 participants, of which n = 282 were foster youth), analyses examined whether foster status and higher caregiver support was related to rates of depression symptoms, suicidal ideation, marijuana use, and alcohol use. Surprisingly, there were few differences between those with and without a foster history; higher frequency of marijuana use among foster youth was the only significant difference. However, analyses in the foster youth subsample indicated that the presence of a supportive caregiver was associated with lower rates of depression symptoms and lower endorsement of suicidal ideation, demonstrating caregiver support as a possible protective factor for foster youth. Future research must continue to explore potential benefits of caregiver support, as it may inform policy that can improve long-term outcomes for foster youth.
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Title: Transdiagnostic Emotional Factors as Mediators of the Relation between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Tobacco Use and Dependence in a Large Community Sample of Adolescents
Creator: Chang, Weilynn Christine
Date: 2023
Description: This study investigated the associations between obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms (OCS) and tobacco use and tobacco dependence in a...
Show moreThis study investigated the associations between obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms (OCS) and tobacco use and tobacco dependence in a large community sample of adolescents. Specifically, transdiagnostic emotional vulnerability factors (i.e., anhedonia, distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity) were explored as potential mediators of the relation between OCS and tobacco use/dependence. Weighted logistic regression models found that OCS was significantly positively associated with likelihood of tobacco use in the past six months (when suppressor variables were excluded). Similarly, zero-inflated negative binomial regression models found a significant positive relation between OCS and tobacco dependence (when suppressor variables were excluded). There was no significant weighted indirect effect via anhedonia for the OCS-Tobacco Use association, which suggests that anhedonia was not a significant mediator in this case. However, the indirect effect via anhedonia for the OCS-Tobacco Dependence association was significant at the p < .05 level, but not the adjusted p < .001 threshold (when suppressor variables were removed). The weighted indirect effect via distress tolerance for the OCS-Tobacco Use association was significant at the p < .05 level, but not the p < .001 threshold (when suppressor variables were removed). There was no significant indirect effect via distress tolerance for the OCS-Tobacco Dependence association. There was a significant weighted indirect effect via anxiety sensitivity for the OCS-Tobacco Use association (when suppressor variables were removed). There were no significant indirect effects via anxiety sensitivity for the OCS-Tobacco Dependence association. When overlapping variance was accounted for by including all three mediators simultaneously, anhedonia was still not a significant mediator of the OCS-Tobacco Use association; there were still significant indirect effects via distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity, under specific model parameters. Our results also revealed that while Asian adolescents demonstrated lower likelihood of tobacco use compared to those who were Hispanic/Latinae, Asian youth demonstrated more severe tobacco dependence symptoms.
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Title: Neuropsychological Pattern of Verbal and Nonverbal Processing Speed Discrepancy in Veterans with Co-Occurring mTBI and PTSD
Creator: VanLandingham, Hannah B.
Date: 2023
Description: Rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exposure have increased over time (CDC, 2022). This pattern of increased TBI risk is additionally...
Show moreRates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exposure have increased over time (CDC, 2022). This pattern of increased TBI risk is additionally associated with risk for development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; APA, 2013). Ongoing PTSD symptomology can lead to neuropsychological profiles in which deficits are more pronounced for verbally constrained performances when compared to nonverbal performances. However, less is known about this performance discrepancy in patients with a history of head injury with comorbid PTSD. Moreover, the little existing research focuses on the domains of executive functioning, learning, and memory, with little to no research on processing speed discrepancies. These findings could have significant implications for healthcare and cognitive intervention pre- and post-mTBI and/or trauma exposure because this discrepancy may impact clinical assessment and subsequent diagnosis. The analysis will include 1) determination of statistically and clinically significant differences for those with co-occurring PTSD and mTBI, and 2) examine within-subjects differences with and without the inclusion of covariates. The present research found that there are no differences between those with co-occurring PTSD and head injury compared to individuals without a co-occurring diagnosis, in addition to no significant discrepancies notes within the PTSD and mTBI group alone
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Title: Leader Identity Claiming and Granting Process: The Role of Gender on Perceptions of Leadership
Creator: Standish, Melanie P.
Date: 2023
Description: Ely, Ibarra, and Kolb (2011) theorize that the leader identity work among women is an area of work wherein subtle gender bias is pervasive and...
Show moreEly, Ibarra, and Kolb (2011) theorize that the leader identity work among women is an area of work wherein subtle gender bias is pervasive and impacting women’s advancement in the workplace. Interferences with the leader identity development process not only impact how a woman views herself as a leader, but how others collectively come to endorse her as a leader. Simply observing an individual claiming leadership and having that leadership be granted by someone else is known to influence how an observer classifies an individual as a leader or a non-leader. This study examines how the gender of an individual claiming leadership impacts external perceptions of how leader-like they are to others, when they are granted vs. not granted leadership. To examine this gap, this study uses an experimental vignette methodology to explore the impact of gender on leadership perceptions, during a claiming and granting process. Specifically, this work examines the mediating roles of competence and likability, as potential drivers through which differences may occur. Though women today are evaluated as equally competent as their male counterparts, engaging in dominant, agentic, behaviors, may make them less likable, and rated less leader-like as a result. The results of this study did not find an interaction between gender and granting, on perceived likability. The results did replicate existing findings that claiming leadership is not enough to be relationally recognized as a leader, and that granting from others plays an important role in how competent, and subsequently leader-like, an individual is perceived to be.
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Title: Understanding the Impact of Age and Gender Demographic Similarity in Assessment Center and Individual Assessment Ratings
Creator: Levin, Kelly
Date: 2023
Description: Organizations have become increasingly reliant on the use of assessment centers and individual assessments when making hiring decisions....
Show moreOrganizations have become increasingly reliant on the use of assessment centers and individual assessments when making hiring decisions. However, there has been relatively limited research on the prevalence of subgroup differences with the use of these tools. As such, this study investigated the individual characteristics of gender and age in both assessment centers and individual assessments. Specifically, the study examined how candidate gender and age, as well as the dyadic “match” between assessor-assessee gender and age impacted assessors’ hiring recommendations. Results from this research partially supported the hypothesized outcomes. Both female and younger candidates were rated more favorably on the overall assessment center recommendation. However, neither candidate gender or age had a significant impact on individual assessment recommendations. Further, demographic similarity had little effect on overall recommendations in both ACs and individual assessments. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Title: How Does Self-Stigma Influence Functionality in People with Serious Mental Illness? A Multiple Mediation Model of "Why-Try" Effect, Coping Resources, and Personal Recovery
Creator: Qin, Sang
Date: 2022
Description: People with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a...
Show morePeople with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a person's execution of tasks (i.e., activities) and engagement in life situations (i.e., participation). This study used a path model to examine three mediating factors between self-stigma and functionality: The "why-try" effect, coping resources, and personal recovery. Specifically, the “why-try” effect was viewed as an extension of self-stigma harm that occurred when people suffered from a loss of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Coping resources were conceptualized as individuals’ strengths and the support they had to overcome negative stigma outcomes, particularly stigma stress. Endorsement of personal recovery, namely pursuing self-defined life goals despite illness—had a buffering effect reducing self-stigma. These three mediators were examined simultaneously using an archival dataset. Due to poor internal consistency, coping resources were eventually removed from the model; the subsequent, revised model achieved a good model fit. Results showed that people with SMI experiencing self-stigma were found to have an enhanced "why-try" effect as well as reduced personal recovery, leading to a decline in functionality. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.
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Title: The Development of a Measure of Public Stigma Towards Adults With Autism
Creator: Beedle, Robert Brian
Date: 2022
Description: Adults with autism (AwA) report experiences of stigma and discrimination. Yet, quantitative research suggests that public attitudes are...
Show moreAdults with autism (AwA) report experiences of stigma and discrimination. Yet, quantitative research suggests that public attitudes are relatively benign. This research discrepancy is compounded by the present lack of a stakeholder-informed, theoretically-guided measure of the stigma towards AwA. The objective of the present study was to develop a measure of stigma towards AwA following best practices survey methodology. First, existing related measures were reviewed for possible candidate items, yielding 36 draft questions related to the stigma of AwA. Next, seven stakeholders in the AwA community were recruited to provide feedback on their experiences of stigma and discrimination, as well as feedback on the draft items. Following stakeholder feedback, draft items were edited, added, or removed based on feedback from the participants with AwA and their lived experiences, resulting in a revised measure of 51 candidate items. Finally, these 51 items underwent a quantitative phase with participants recruited through MTurk (N = 357). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted in order to generate a data driven factor structure that reflected stigma theory. The end result was a 20-item, four factor solution measuring numerous components of stigma within factors including cognitive components of stigma, blame, positive and negative affect, and comfort with close contact. The resulting measurement tool was titled the Public Stigma towards Adults with Autism Scale (PSAWA) and demonstrated strong psychometric properties. The tool has utility for further studying stigma towards AwA and assessing stigma interventions.
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Title: Examining Associations Between Discrimination, Social Cohesion, and Health among White and POC LGBT Chicagoans
Creator: Kannout, Lynn
Date: 2022
Description: Consistent with the minority stress perspective, lesbian/gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals on average report worse health than...
Show moreConsistent with the minority stress perspective, lesbian/gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals on average report worse health than heterosexual individuals in several domains, e.g., general health, mental health, physical health, and health care access. Intersectionality-based research shows that LGBT-POC are, on average, at even greater risk for adverse health outcomes compared to their White LGBT counterparts. Discrimination and social cohesion may be two mechanisms underlying these between- and within-group disparities, given their broader relations to health and their relatively high frequency within marginalized populations. This study used data from the Chicago Department of Public Health to examine broad health differences between LGBT White and LGBT-POC individuals, and to test specific mediations models in which social cohesion mediated links between discrimination and health. LGBT-POC reported experiencing worse general health, lower access to health care, more experiences of discrimination, and lower feelings of social cohesion than did White LGBT individuals. No mediation effects emerged, however there was a direct effect of experiencing discrimination on mental health distress. Further, discrimination exposure related inversely to feelings of social cohesion. Study strengths, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUALS’ PROVISION OF AUTONOMY SUPPORT TO THEIR PARTNERS WITH CHRONIC PAIN: A PATH ANALYSIS MODEL BASED ON SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
Creator: Ivins-Lukse, Melissa N.
Date: 2021
Description: Receiving autonomy support from a relationship partner has been associated with increased physical activity among individuals with chronic...
Show moreReceiving autonomy support from a relationship partner has been associated with increased physical activity among individuals with chronic pain (ICP), but no studies have explored what factors may influence partners’ use of an autonomy supportive interpersonal style with an ICP. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that contextual, perceptual, and individual factors influence how much individuals use an autonomy supportive interpersonal style through the mediators of basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation. The present study used path analysis to test a SDT model of the relationships between a contextual factor (autonomy support from health care provider), a perceptual factor (partner’s perception of ICP motivation for physical activity), an individual factor (partner catastrophizing about ICP’s pain), and the sequential mediators of relationship need satisfaction and autonomous motivation with respect to the dependent variable of partners’ use of an autonomy supportive interpersonal style. 176 partners of ICPs completed a cross-sectional survey including the Health Care Climate Questionnaire, partner-report revised Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale – Significant Other version, Need Satisfaction Scale, Motivation to Help, and Interpersonal Behaviours Questionnaire-Self. The proposed model demonstrated poor fit to the data: χ2 (10) = 31.949, p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.11 (90% CI = .07 to .16, p = 0.01), CFI = 0.81, and SRMR = .10. While the overall model was not supported, most individual pathways in the model were significant. Alternative analyses were conducted to identify a model with acceptable fit.
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Title: Implicit Theory of Willpower and Life Satisfaction Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injury
Creator: Cerny, Brian M.
Date: 2022
Description: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of physical disability and physical, functional, and psychosocial outcomes vary among persons with...
Show moreSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of physical disability and physical, functional, and psychosocial outcomes vary among persons with SCI. Persons with SCI are at risk for poor psychosocial adjustment, evidenced by higher rates of mood disorders and lower reported life satisfaction (LS) when compared to the general population. LS among persons with SCI is influenced by sociodemographic, injury-related, and psychosocial factors. Implicit theory of willpower (TOW) refers to individuals’ beliefs about their capacity for self-regulation; specifically, whether or not self-regulatory capacity (i.e., willpower) is depleted with use. TOW has previously been associated with LS and other aspects of subjective well-being. This is the first study to assess TOW among persons with SCI, and aims to investigate the association between TOW and LS among persons with SCI. The study sample consisted of 156 adults with SCI who completed an anonymous online questionnaire. Associations between demographic- and disability-related factors, global perceived stress, TOW, engagement coping, disengagement coping, and LS were assessed via bivariate Pearson correlations and a 3-block hierarchical multiple linear regression with LS as the primary outcome. LS was significantly correlated with age, perceived physical health, self-reported participation, and perceived stress. After controlling for the influence of other variables, age, perceived physical health, and perceived stress were significantly associated with LS, consistent with prior work. Neither TOW nor the interaction between perceived stress and TOW were significantly associated with LS. Post hoc analyses suggest a chronic disability population may have different interpretations of the TOW construct or measure items than populations previously investigated. Clinical implications and future directions for research are discussed.
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