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Title: House museums In Chicago: a re-examination of motives, origins, and transformations of the institutions
Creator: Whittaker, Daniel Joseph
Date: 2018
Description: A house museum is a former residence converted into a publicly accessible structure, which preserves an identity of its original domestic...
Show moreA house museum is a former residence converted into a publicly accessible structure, which preserves an identity of its original domestic history. These houses shelter a wide variety of institutions with a diverse range of imperatives and services. With a focus on Chicago house museums, this dissertation seeks an overarching pattern underlying this conversion and reuse of residential buildings. This dissertation focuses on six house museums in Chicago: the Palmer Castle, the Harding Castle, the Clarke House, the Glessner House, the Madlener House and the Robie House. The Palmer and Harding Castles ceased to exist as house museums and are no longer standing.Conventional archival research conducted during the initial phases yielded historiographies that corroborate as well as contradict popular stories about the process by which the houses were preserved, salvaged and converted. Key primary-source research includes interviews with persons involved in—and observant of—motivations and forces in play upon these six case studies. Texts of the interviews are included in appendices. The dissertation reveals how select individuals (acting variously as architects, historians, concerned citizens, and leaders of institutions) influenced the creation of the six house museums. This dissertation contains a chronicle and an evaluation of the values which informed and influenced the house museum condition in Chicago in an environment which largely pre-dated the historic building preservation movement in America. The case studies show that the persons and parties involved in saving various houses for reuse did not generally execute definitive plans, in full, with a clear ultimate goal. Instead, in all cases, individuals and small groups of people fought an array of idiosyncratic battles, often yielding short-term victories. Economic pressures, political conditions, and societal values evolve, ushering in new opportunities and new dangers for nascent institutions inhabiting former residences. As each generation of directors, curators and governing boards mature and matriculate, the goals and objectives which influenced the reuse of their house museums changed. The very notion of attaining some sort of permanent statis has been found, through this research, to be elusive. Dynamism in both the people and the institution reusing these house museums can yield positive outcomes ensuring preservation of the institution of the house museum.
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Title: Making A Hot, Arid, Desert Arab City More Livable: Investigating the Role of Street Design in Enhancing Walkability in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Creator: Almahdy, Omar Esam
Date: 2020
Description: Since the introduction of automobiles in the 1950s, cities in Saudi Arabia have evolved around an automobile infrastructure. Riyadh, the...
Show moreSince the introduction of automobiles in the 1950s, cities in Saudi Arabia have evolved around an automobile infrastructure. Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia with a population of over 7.2 million, is facing an urban mobility challenge. For most inhabitants, driving is the only transportation available, since there is not yet an efficient public transit system. Currently, contemporary urban streets in Riyadh are limited to automobiles and inaccessible to pedestrians. Creating a walkable environment and improving walkability could solve numerous problems like the obesity crisis, the lack of city vibrancy, traffic congestion, environmental injustice, and social isolation. In this research, I investigate the climatic, geographic, social, and cultural factors that influence walkability in Riyadh as a hot, arid, and desert Arab city. The study uses mixed methods that include structured streetscape observations and pedestrian activity mapping as well as surveys and interviews with Riyadh’s citizens. Also, more data were collected through interviews with experts in Saudi urban planning and development. The issue of walkability in Riyadh extends beyond the design of the built environment. Many non-physical barriers hinder people from walking. Again, the perception of the streets as thoroughfares for automobiles only has deepened the problem. However, the lack of adequate sidewalks on most streets is the main reason why people do not walk. Also, this lack is a critical indicator of the dearth of efficient and proper urban design. The harsh climatic conditions along with the occasional sandstorms as well as polluted ambient air make the walking experience uncomfortable most of the year. To sum up, this study indicates that people’s awareness of the value and importance of having walkable streets and minimizing the reliance on motorized transport modes is a key driver in creating a pedestrian-friendly street.
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Title: REVISITING MODERNIST MASS-HOUSING: RESIDENTS AS ACTIVE AGENTS OF CHANGE
Creator: Shah, Nadia
Date: 2021
Description: In this PhD research, I have examined the modernist approach of mid-20thcentury mass housing projects against the backdrop of post-colonial...
Show moreIn this PhD research, I have examined the modernist approach of mid-20thcentury mass housing projects against the backdrop of post-colonial nation building and the need for housing refugees through resettlement projects after World War II. In this epoch most of the refugees were accommodated in newly decolonized nation states that were struggling to create their national identity as ‘modern'. It was at this critical moment in history, when the West assumed the paternalistic role of development of the so-called ‘Third World’, the ‘Global South’ or the ‘Underdeveloped Nations’, that they defined what is 'modern' using Western standards of ‘normalcy’. Aboard this international development project, architectural modernism’s response was to ‘generalize problems’ and provide ‘normative prescriptions’ as solutions based on rational models. I have reviewed the timeline of modernist ideas that led to mass housing and the associated notion of ‘normalization of space,’ presenting three scales used to organize society: regional planning, land use zoning, and mass-produced architecture, as a prescriptive process. I have examined architecture’s ‘normalization’ as a source of conflict for nation states in their process of national identity formation. I argue that the pedagogy of both modernism and late modernism, presented cultural distinction as an intermediary condition that was subject to change. In particular, modernist architecture engaged with the “concept of normalcy” for the formation of a modern society through spatial and physical organization. Using the case study of Pakistan, I present how this notion was at odds with Pakistani nationalism, since the country was created on the premise to house a traditional society. I have used the example of the Greek architect, Constantinos Doxiadis and his trajectory of late modernism for solving the global housing crisis after World War II. For this purpose, I present the case of a particular post World War II refugee resettlement project called Korangi Town in Karachi Pakistan. This case is studied in the light of modernist planning and architectural models to examine what was proposed, designed, and predicted by this professional architect and how Korangi Town has evolved in the past sixty years. The objective is to see how the new normal architecture and planning standards of the West were received in the non-Western culture? The case study of Korangi Town reveals that the residents of a locale may organize themselves along cultural and ethnic lines, deviating from implemented prescriptive and normative solutions. The changes that the residents made to their built environment through the processes identified as ‘appropriation’, ‘adaptation’ and ‘expansion’ in the dissertation are interpreted as the signs of their active agency. The residents’ agency emerges to reshape their built environs to meet their cultural and individual needs, but most of all their economic needs. These observations show that rather than being passive recipients of ready-made and prescriptive solutions, the residents were active agents in adjusting and adding to their environment. Inhabitants’ active agency needs attention by the planning and architecture professions to assure that environments intended for them have their meaningful input. This dissertation raises questions about how these professions can support this active agency from the beginning and through the planning and design processes.
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Title: TOWARD A MODERN CIVIC MONUMENTALITY: ARCHES, VAULTS, AND DOMES IN POSTWAR AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Creator: Amado Petroli, Marcos
Date: 2021
Description: This dissertation studies the use of arcuated structures in post-World War II American civic buildings, which serve both to answer the...
Show moreThis dissertation studies the use of arcuated structures in post-World War II American civic buildings, which serve both to answer the practical and functional demands of the architectural program, and to communicate a distinct and hierarchical character inherent to the very genesis of civic architecture. This research demonstrates how a generation of multicultural architects, educated in the academic tradition, with the collaboration of structural engineers, participated in the expansion of the syntax and vocabulary of modern architecture at a time when the language of monumentality was also being discussed. In doing so, they moved away from a Bauhaus-German doctrine that promoted a universal, orthogonal, and homogeneous architectural language, serving all types of buildings. In this context, this research redefines the relationship between academic tradition and modern approaches to monumentality in American architecture, which are usually seen as antagonistic languages. To test the hypothesis that these new arched forms, of high structural engineering, were linked to both modern and academic aspects, and more precisely, French roots, this research addresses three main issues: (i) the mistrust of the new monumentality, which was often mystified and associated with totalitarian regimes; (ii) the analysis of this production through pioneering case studies in postwar arched structures; and (iii) the relationship between academic tradition and modern architecture, with an emphasis on the theory of "architectural character." Finally, this research concludes that the construction of this civic monumentality in the United States was not only a rational response to special programs and an opposition to the universal character of modern buildings, but also the result of an immigration of more inclusive ideas, which, reacting with the local tradition and heritage of the Beaux-Arts system, gave rise to an autochthonous American production.
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Title: An aircraft hangar and the study of long-span metal structures
Creator: Sharpe, David C. (David Carold)
Date: 1962-06
Description: The study of long-span structures developed from a design problem for an aircraft hangar. The problem of the aircraft hangar was concerned...
Show moreThe study of long-span structures developed from a design problem for an aircraft hangar. The problem of the aircraft hangar was concerned with the development of a reasonable structurtal type into an architectural solution. Several types were considered; the truss, the arch, a rigid frame system in prestressed concrete. These were discarded in favor of a rigid frame system of steel that seemed to give the best visual solution.
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Title: A Hybrid Data-Driven Simulation Framework For Integrated Energy-Air Quality (iE-AQ) Modeling at Multiple Urban Scales
Creator: Ashayeri, Mehdi
Date: 2020
Description: To date, limited work has been done to collectively incorporate two key urban challenges: climate change and air pollution for the design of...
Show moreTo date, limited work has been done to collectively incorporate two key urban challenges: climate change and air pollution for the design of sustainable and healthy built environments. Main limitations to doing so include the existence of large spatiotemporal gaps in local outdoor air pollution data and a lack of a formal theoretical framework to effectively integrate localized urban air pollution data into sustainable built environment design strategies such as natural ventilation in buildings. This work hypothesizes that emerging advanced computational modeling approaches, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, along with big open data set initiatives, can be used to fill some of those gaps. This can be achieved if urban air quality explanatory factors are properly identified and effectively connected to the current building performance simulation workflows.Therefore, the primary objective of this dissertation is to develop a hybrid AI-based data-driven simulation framework for integrated Energy-Air Quality (iE-AQ) modeling to quantify the combined energy reduction profiles and health risks implications of sustainable built environment design. This framework (1) incorporates dynamic human-centered factors, including mobility and building occupancy among others into the model, (2) interlinks land use regression (LUR), inverse distance weighting (IDW), and building energy simulation (BES) approaches via the R computational platform for developing the model, and (3) develops a web-based platform and interactive tool for visualizing and communicating the results. A series of novel machine learning approaches are tested within the workflow to improve efficiency and accuracy of the simulation model. A multi-scale model of urban air quality (using PM2.5 concentrations as the end point) and weather localization model with high spatiotemporal resolution was developed for Chicago, IL using low-cost sensor data. The integrated energy and air quality model was tested for the prototype office building at multiple urban scales in Chicago through applying air pollution-adjusted natural ventilation suitable hours.Results showed that the proposed ML approaches improved model accuracy above traditional simulation and statistical modeling approaches and that incorporating dynamic building-related factors such as human activity patterns can further improve urban air quality prediction models. The results of integrated energy and air quality (iE-AQ) analysis highlight that the energy saving potentials for natural ventilation considering local ambient air pollution and micro-climate data vary from 5.2% to 17% within Chicago. The proposed framework and tool have the potential to aid architects, engineers, planners and urban health policymakers in designing sustainable cities and empowering analytical solutions for reducing human health risk.
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Title: THE SPATIAL BLOCK: NATURAL VENTILATION IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATES OF TURKEY
Creator: BAY, EZGI
Date: 2020
Description: The housing deficit is a global problem. In Turkey, solutions to remedy scarce, unaffordable, and low-grade housing are being proposed by TOKI...
Show moreThe housing deficit is a global problem. In Turkey, solutions to remedy scarce, unaffordable, and low-grade housing are being proposed by TOKI, the governmental mass housing administration. Its residential projects based on ‘standard regulations’ and ‘high-rise typologies’ have been widely criticized. The ‘one size fits all’ approach is known for its limited exploration of contemporary needs of this society. Low quality urban and architectural conditions in TOKI projects are believed to marginalize the living standards of the residents. Sprawling rapidly throughout different regions around the country, a permanent complaint of TOKI residents is related to outdoor and indoor thermal conditions. As consequence of this ‘homogenization effect’, overheated and underheated conditions are experienced in these ‘naturally ventilated buildings’ designed with few considerations regarding the surrounding environment. Minimal research has been done on how TOKI towers perform under extreme seasonal conditions and what other building forms could be used in consonance with localized Turkish climates. Most TOKI projects have been developed for ‘hot and dry climates’ that also correspond to areas with larger urban growth from recent migrations. Through post-occupancy evaluations, this dissertation investigates a TOKI built in this climatic context. At the same time, this study brings new ‘typological’ alternatives analyzed through energy simulations and computer fluid dynamics (CFD). These methods are intended to bring clarity about the dynamic of thermal stress inside this project, and how renewable sources, such as prevailing winds, could be used to alleviate thermal related problems in consonance with ‘building forms’ derived from ‘vernacular architecture’ in this region.Inputs from residents illustrate the dynamics of thermal stress and reliance on natural ventilation in summer conditions. It is confirmed through results of the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) and the Air Changes per Hour (ACH) obtained from Simulations in the IES-VE software. The relationship between human thermal comfort and indoor microclimate in TOKI housing can be improved through the reformulation of its residential typologies. The ‘Spatial Block’ approach presented in this dissertation brings the idea of how urban and architectural decisions in addition to improving indoor climatic conditions and thermal satisfaction or residents, brings them improved social integration.
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Title: Drawing on Darwinism: Rewriting the Origin of Louis Sullivan's Idea
Creator: Frey, Syan
Date: 2021
Description: To observe that the unique architectural ornaments that make up the body of work of Louis Henri Sullivan (1856-1924) emulate nature is to...
Show moreTo observe that the unique architectural ornaments that make up the body of work of Louis Henri Sullivan (1856-1924) emulate nature is to state a reality so obvious that it is both pedantic and droll. To use the double entendre that those natural forms drew on Darwinism, however, is to make several more specific claims. First, it can be credibly established that the system of architectural ornament that was the primary contribution of Louis Sullivan to the discipline of architecture was directly inspired by Sullivan’s synthesis of the thesis of natural selection contained within the pages of Asa Gray’s botanical manual. Second, the circumstances of that moment of synthesis reveal that the reason for Sullivan’s Darwinism was not merely the desire to emulate nature, but rather to signify the end of faith. Finally, Sullivan’s synthesis of various Darwinisms drew not only on the thesis for his own artistic inspiration, he drew on the substance of Darwin’s arguments to formulate a secular theory of the nature of inspiration and the technique of design. In the years following, this theory has become the primary technique by which design is taught.Louis’ unique education, which was tied to Darwinism from the very beginning, gave him an unusual perspective on the challenges of architectural design in the industrial age. The economic circumstances of his life as a first-generation immigrant exposed him to just the right education to lead him to explore evolutionary science as the inspiration for design. To be clear, the content of the thesis of natural selection was entirely irrelevant to the theory and practice of architecture in the nineteenth century. Yet by the end of the century the broad consensus among architects, historians, and theorists alike was that there was a, “close and causal relationship,” between Darwinism and modern architecture. Sullivan’s theory drew on Darwinian ideas to dismiss theological styles as empty formalisms, reveal the racism of ethnographic accounts for architectural forms, and argue for the evolution of an American Architecture, liberated from its colonialist origins. The context within which that shift occurred is significant. The justification for nearly every work of architecture in human history prior to the middle of the nineteenth century was some form of god. Mid-nineteenth century architecture in the United States was composed of a variety of regional ethnic styles intended to represent the ethnic origins, religious affiliations, moral inclinations, and nationalist allegiances of an array of displaced immigrant communities. The Civil War laid bare the reality that such ethnic styles represented a segregationist and racialized idea of the modern world. Over the course of the late nineteenth century, the profession of architecture was forced to abandon theological justifications for the practice of architecture as scientifically invalid, morally corrupt, and motivated by racism. This was Sullivan’s full idea: Put instinct before reason in priority, and engage in the iterative analysis of various instincts about the situation. Observe the patterns that emerge. Explore those instincts, until you find that your patterns merge with universal patterns. Do not fear error, as it makes the work alive. The capacity to capture that living essence is in all of us, individually and collectively, not some external force. The most-right instincts are ones in which the resulting form is a demonstration of its function. To understand what Sullivan meant with this we must see it as a Darwinian idea. Instinct is an animal property, a capacity which we share with other species. For Darwin, this sharing of instinct is essential for interspecies empathy. The antithesis of instinct is reason, which Sullivan describes as secondary. Reason is cold and lifeless, but also correct. True reason, Sullivan claims, is learned by experiment, and example. The greatest art speaks not just to our reason, but to our instinct. This, then is the task of the designer – to temper instinct with reasoned evaluation. Sullivan argues that it begins with an intuition, an idea he drew from Darwin’s Descent of Man.
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Title: Investigating The Impact of Tall Building Ordinances (TBOs) on the Evolution of Ultra-Tall Buildings Typology: Case Studies in Chicago and Dubai
Creator: Alkoud, Amjad
Date: 2023
Description: Zoning ordinances are instruments that tangibly and intangibly shape cities; control urban morphology, demography, and visual identity; and...
Show moreZoning ordinances are instruments that tangibly and intangibly shape cities; control urban morphology, demography, and visual identity; and determine the inhabitants' life quality, well-being, and comfort. Tall building ordinances (TBOs), in turn, control the vertical growth of cities and the development of tall buildings as distinctive actors in the built environment today. With the recent proliferation of developing Ultra-tall buildings in cities around the world, ordinances should offer flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness to the dynamic nature of emerging needs and technological potentials.This dissertation investigates the emergence of Ultra-tall buildings as a new typology in major metropolises and the interaction between the building ordinances and the construction of Ultra-tall. The work presented in this dissertation implements two primary research methods: cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal studies, documenting supertall buildings completed in two major cities, Chicago and Dubai. The discussions and findings are supported by structured interviews with architects and engineers actively involved in designing and constructing Ultra-tall buildings. The cross-sectional survey comprises all supertall buildings (i.e., buildings above 1000 feet in height) completed as of 2022 in Chicago, the cradle of the "modern" high-rise with 318 towers of 100-plus meters and eight supertall towers of 300-plus meters; and Dubai, the new experimental land of supertall construction with 298 towers of 100-plus meters and 28 towers of 300-plus meters height. The longitudinal case studies provide additional information and knowledge about selected examples in Chicago and Dubai, derived from personal structured interviews conducted in both cities. Several additional survey cases from China, NYC, and London were investigated for their importance and uniqueness in supporting the research discussions and findings. This research aims to bridge the gap between the building ordinance literature and Ultra-tall building design practices on the one hand. On the other hand, it sheds light on the necessity to realize Ultra-tall buildings as a distinct typology entitled to its particular set of ordinances.The research findings are intended to help architects, engineers, policymakers, and planning authorities ensure a sustainable socioeconomic future and mitigate the negative impact of Ultra-tall constructions in major cities. This goal is assumed to be achieved by developing a set of recommendations, strategies, and universal criteria to implement a more flexible and responsive approach toward emerging human needs and technologies.
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Title: Efficiency of Carbon Fiber Composite Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: A Parametric Simulation Based Framework for Finite Element Analysis
Creator: Khairnar, Piyush Rajendra
Date: 2022
Description: The rate of global urban migration has increased drastically over the last century. With increasing population, the need for dense urban...
Show moreThe rate of global urban migration has increased drastically over the last century. With increasing population, the need for dense urban habitats is growing. Tall buildings are at the forefront of this growth and changing skyline of different cities around the globe is evident. The Structural system is an important and critical component of any tall building. Structural material can significantly impact the performance of a structural system as well as the way it is constructed. Carbon composite is known for its high strength and stiffness, also it is a lightweight structural material. Current industrial techniques allow for manufacturing of structural components made of carbon composite to be used in building structures. Carbon composite as a structural material shows potential to be used in tall buildings where strength and stiffness requirements are a key parameter.This research focuses on applications of Carbon Composite, also known as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), as a structural material for tall buildings. The research aims to study the properties of carbon composite as a structural material and to explore its application in the structural system for tall buildings. Mechanical properties of CFRP such as strength, stiffness, etc. are studied with available literature to assess the potential of the material to be used in the design of structural system for tall buildings. Manufacturing processes along with fabrication methods are also studied to investigate the constructability using CFRP. The research draws attention on the issues of connectivity within CFRP structural components as well as performance of CFRP as a structural material in tall building structural systems. Computer based simulations are utilized to develop digital models and analyze the performance of the material in structural systems of tall buildings. Current applications of the material in building and construction sector are addressed in the literature review. This research evaluates the performance of the structural systems for tall buildings using carbon composite as the primary structural material. Connection level simulations presented in this research provide insights on the significance of fiber orientation in the fabrication of structures. Other challenges in the widespread use of CFRP material in tall buildings are addressed in the research but focus of the research is on the structural applications of the material in tall buildings. The research provides information about the use of CFRP as a structural material in tall buildings. The results of this study offer significant insights about the issues of connectivity and constructability related to use of CFRP in tall buildings. This research also provides a parametric framework for architects and designers to evaluate and study the performance of a structural materials to be used in tall building structural systems using finite element analysis.
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Title: A BIM-BASED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TOOL OF EMBODIED ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TALL BUILDINGS
Creator: Ma, Lijian
Date: 2022
Description: Today 55 percent of population in the world lives in urban areas which is expected to increase to 68 percent by the year 2050. In the cities,...
Show moreToday 55 percent of population in the world lives in urban areas which is expected to increase to 68 percent by the year 2050. In the cities, high-rise buildings as symbols of the modern cityscape are dominating the skylines, but the data to demonstrate their embodied energy and environmental impacts are scarce, compared to low- or mid-rise buildings. Reducing the embodied energy and environmental impacts of buildings is critical as about 42 percent of primary energy use and 39 percent of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from the building sector. However, it is an overlooked area in embodied energy and environmental impacts of tall buildings. This doctoral research aims to investigate the effects of tall buildings on embodied energy and environmental impacts by using process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology within Building Information Modelling (BIM) environment, which provides construction industry platform to incorporate sustainability information in architectural design. This doctoral research is carried out through a literature review on embodied energy of high-rise buildings. Current LCA methods of buildings are also discussed in the literature review. It then develops a framework for BIM-based assessment of the embodied energy and environmental impacts of tall buildings. To achieve that, a case study of tall reinforced concrete building is applied, by using ISO 14040 and 14044 guidelines with available database, Revit and Tally application in Revit. The author concentrates on embodied energy and environmental impacts of reinforced concrete tall buildings. Finally, the association between design and construction variables with embodied energy and environmental impacts is explored. This research will lead to significant contributions. A comprehensive study on embodied energy and environmental impacts of high-rise building will address a major gap in LCA literature. Researchers and environmental consultants can use the results of this research to create design tools to evaluate environmental impacts of high-rise buildings. Also, architects can use the results of this research to develop insight into the environmental performance of tall buildings in early design stage. Architects and engineers can also use the results to optimize tall building design for low embodied energy and environmental impacts. Finally, the results of this research will enable architects, engineers, planners, and policymakers develop more sustainable built environments.
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Title: ARCHITECTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE CREATIVITY - SPACE WE-Q: SPACE INTELLIGENCE EMPOWERING CREATIVE WE CULTURE IN LEARNING-DRIVEN ENVIRONMENTS
Creator: Mor-Avi, Anat
Date: 2020
Description: Changes in societal culture, along with research on how we learn, challenge current architectural solutions. Education’s shifting paradigms...
Show moreChanges in societal culture, along with research on how we learn, challenge current architectural solutions. Education’s shifting paradigms align with these changes and move teaching strategies from teacher-centered to learner-centered, and from formal and passive, to informal and active modes. Another shift emphasizes collaboration and participatory creativity, which evolve the idea of the “collective,” or “We” versus “I” scenarios. In addition, studies show that creativity flourishes in specific contradictory performances. Supporting these reported changes, new knowledge, and paradigm shifts, this research studied how an active, adaptive architectural design approach might emerge into the learning and creative processes. Evidence indicates that “design and space do matter,” particularly in learning- and working-driven domains. Empirical research has been weak in addressing this understanding relative to architectural solutions, affordances, behaviors, and emotions, promoting collaborative creativity. This research aimed to investigate patterns of architectural affordances believing to impact and empower collaborative cultures and behaviors in learning environments (“WE CULTURE”), specifically motions and emotions. A Mixed-method research design was conducted, using two techniques: (a) a content analysis of awarded learning and working environments, and (b) a post-occupancy evaluation using ethnographic techniques to study the Kaplan Innovation Institute at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois, USA. In an effort to provide an applied design study, a visual pattern language related to cultures of learning, environment behavior, and emotions was developed. The pattern language is the platform for designing intelligent spaces, SPACE WE-Q, promoting collaborative behaviors, and creativity through adaptive and behavior-based systems of active affordances. SPACE WE-Q offers a planned adaptive system for unplanned creative processes that emerges into learning and suggesting a new relationship between architecture and education, between architects and users, and between users and space.
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Title: The Feasibility of Honeycomb Structure to Enhance Daylighting and Energy Performance for High-Rise Buildings
Creator: Geng, Camelia Mina
Date: 2022
Description: The world population is increasing at a fast rate and the projection is that there will be more than 12 billion people by the year 2050. It is...
Show moreThe world population is increasing at a fast rate and the projection is that there will be more than 12 billion people by the year 2050. It is also expected that at least 70% of the population will reside and work in urban areas (mostly cities) in some sort of high-rise building. At the same time, the climate is rapidly changing to increase the effects of man-made global warming. Conceivably, energy conservation, daylighting performance, thermal comfort and environmentally friendly high-rise buildings are necessary to facilitate sustainable working and living environments. The roles of the architects and planners are paramount at this critical era of history of mankind; for one thing they are responsible for the planning and design of sustainable high-rise buildings.Recently, there has been significant research to connect a branch of Biophilia design, which is Biomorphic architecture. This has developed a wonderful design approach, termed the Biomorphic idea. This focuses on the enhancement of the physical and psychological connection with nature, to acquire more natural light and the outside connection targeting energy saving. More and more, high-rise buildings are being designed following Biomorphic approaches. As such, these buildings are defined as sustainable and primarily, because they are energy efficient and, and in many cases tend to minimize the use of fossil fuels while promoting the use of renewable and clean energy sources. As such, a honeycomb structure approach successfully applies to high-rise building design. The intend of this research document is to simulate Biomorphic honeycomb structure which is the hexagonal rotation ring structure including 32 stories in18 different hexagon high-rise building configurations, to develop true daylighting and energy. performance. This is achieved by the using Grasshopper-Climate Studio simulation tool and multiple fuzzy mathematics for decision making. This document will provide a comparison of daylighting including sDA, ASE, sDG and the illuminance results from these 3 series of the 18 models configuring different honeycomb structures of high-rise buildings. The results prove that the hexagon honeycomb structure for high-rise building is feasibility and targets green buildings standards such as LEED V4.1 The success of the method depends on developing multiple criteria of Poisson ratio and Gaussian curvature within the hexagon structure to create different honeycomb facades and rotation of the ring for office high-rise building which is also a qualitative nature of the Biomorphic design parameters.
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Title: PREDICTING AND SIMULATING OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT-BASED HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
Creator: Khan, Zahida Marzaban
Date: 2022
Description: Rapid urban growth due to a constant rise in world population has amplified the need for sustainable design development of cities. Human...
Show moreRapid urban growth due to a constant rise in world population has amplified the need for sustainable design development of cities. Human behavior, a key performance metric of sustainable design, can be rewarding for urban policies and city planning. Due to its complex nature, human behavior prediction and simulation are increasingly challenging. Complexity is associated with multiple factors, among which social and environmental factors are critical, especially in urban conditions with tall buildings that create unique microclimates. Human behavior in this study referred to human spatial behavior. This research hypothesized that the microclimatic variations at seasonal and diurnal levels affect people’s behavior in outdoor urban environments. Additionally, interdisciplinary crossover studies on novel methodologies to predict human behavior is becoming popular. Moreover, architects and urban designers are interested in human behavior simulation tools that can help them make informed design decisions through ‘what-if’ scenarios and assess their designs before execution. This doctoral research investigated the inter-relationship between Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC), human behavior, and urban morphology for Plazas in urban conditions with tall buildings and within a specific climate zone. The study focused on two overarching objectives: (1) to present a novel research methodology to investigate and predict OTC-based human behavior in urban conditions; and (2) to develop HuBeSIM - a human behavior simulation framework using an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate OTC integrated human behavior in outdoor spaces. Daley Plaza – an urban public space built-in 1965 in downtown Chicago — was used as (1) a case study to test the feasibility of this research methodology and (2) a pilot study to demonstrate the HuBeSIM framework. The outcome of this study shows a significant impact in the outdoor urban environments with design goals that use human behavior as a key performance indicator. The research contributes to the modeling and simulation of OTC-based human behavior in urban environments to nurture livable communities and sustainable cities. The first part of the dissertation presented a novel research methodology involving data collection through an on-site observational study for behavioral mapping, and microclimatic CFD simulations for OTC index - Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). The sample data consisted of two seasons, namely summer and fall, with more than 600 observations collected during the three-hour lunchtime period. The second part of the dissertation involved developing a Human Behavior SIMulation (HuBeSIM) framework in the popular computer aided design platform Rhino® and Grasshopper® (GH). This part integrated OTC using physics-based modeling and human behavior using mathematical agent-based modeling to develop a simulation framework for outdoor urban space design. The findings from the observational study revealed a moderate relationship between microclimate and human behavior in the fall, and a weak correlation in summer. The results showed that people’s behavior is not affected by PET values above 35°C. The proposed Human Behavior SIMulation framework has a high potential to develop into a comprehensive model by incorporating other behavioral factors. This study contributes to the sustainable built environment design that leads to the environmental, social, and economic upliftment of a city.
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Title: The Feasibility of Double-Skin Façades to Provide Natural Ventilation in Tall Office Buildings
Creator: Kim, Yohan
Date: 2022
Description: Many tall office buildings (i.e., buildings of or taller than 656 ft (200 m)) are on the rise around the world. The energy efficiency and...
Show moreMany tall office buildings (i.e., buildings of or taller than 656 ft (200 m)) are on the rise around the world. The energy efficiency and healthy environment of tall office buildings has become an important concern, given the current environmental challenges and health considerations. Natural ventilation has proven to be an effective passive strategy in improving energy efficiency and providing healthy environments given environmental challenges. However, such a strategy has not been commonly adopted to tall office buildings that traditionally rely on single-skin façades (SSFs), due to the high wind pressure that creates excessive air velocities and occupant discomfort at upper floors. Double-skin façades (DSFs) can provide an opportunity to facilitate natural ventilation in tall office buildings, as the fundamental components such as the additional skin and openings create a buffer to regulate the direct impact of wind pressure and the airflow around the buildings. Wind-driven natural ventilation has not been fully studied in DSFs as most previous studies focused on the stack effect. Moreover, the studies assumed that the indoor spaces are mechanically ventilated without regard to airflow behavior between the air cavities and the indoor spaces. This study investigates the impact of modified multi-story type DSFs on indoor airflow in a 60-story, 780-foot (238 m) naturally ventilated tall office building under isothermal conditions. Therefore, the performance of wind effect related components was assessed based on the criteria (e.g., air velocity and airflow distribution), with respect to opening size, number of openings per floor, cavity depth, and cavity segmentation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was utilized to simulate outdoor airflow around the tall office building, and indoor airflow at various heights in case of various DSF configurations. Two sequential CFD simulations were carried out not only to reduce computational time, but also to comprehensively analyze the impact of DSFs responding to positive and negative wind pressures on indoor airflow behavior. The CFD simulation results indicate that the outer skin opening is the more influential parameter than the others on indoor airflow behavior. On the other hand, variations of inner skin opening size help improve the indoor airflow, with respect to the desired air velocity and distributions. Despite some air vortexes observed in the indoor spaces, cross ventilation can occur as positive pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the other sides generate a productive pressure differential. The results also demonstrate that DSFs with smaller openings suitably reduce not only the impact of wind pressure, but also the concentration of high air velocity near the windows on the windward side, compared to single-skin façades. Further insight on indoor airflow behaviors depending on various DSF configurations leads to a better understanding of the DSF design strategies for effective natural ventilation in tall office buildings. This study aims to develop a performance-based DSF design guideline to assist architects in their design of DSF components in the early design stage.
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