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Title: CRITICISM, HEALTH FUNCTIONING, AND MARITAL ADJUSTMENT IN COUPLES WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Creator: Hicks, R. Elliott Iii
Date: 2017, 2017-07
Description: Destructive communication and hostile interactions between spouses are associated with poor behavior maintenance and can elicit substantial...
Show moreDestructive communication and hostile interactions between spouses are associated with poor behavior maintenance and can elicit substantial increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output in patients (Broadwell, & Light, 2005; Nealey-Moore et al., 2007; Ryan & Deci, 2000). This negatively impacts the cardiovascular health of the targeted partner (Nealey-Moore et al., 2007; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Smith et al., 2009). Constructive, non-hostile criticism between partners may bolster behavior change and maintenance (Zinbarg, 2007). The present study assesses the relationship between forms of criticism and reports of marital adjustment, autonomous support, health functioning, and health behavior change in a sample of couples participating in a cardiac risk reduction intervention. Results indicate that Hostile Criticism predicted Physical Health Functioning. Further, there were no significant moderating relationships. Interpretation of results and future directions are discussed.
Ph.D. in Psychology, July 2017
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Title: Comparing Complex Network and Latent Factor Models of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Creator: Smetter, Joseph
Date: 2019
Description: Research on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model...
Show moreResearch on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has produced several etiologicalmodels of SAD symptomatology, including a common cause model that conceptualizessymptoms as the result of a single underlying disease process, and the Dual VulnerabilityModel (Young et al., 1991) which posits that psychological symptoms of depressionfollow the onset of vegetative symptoms (e.g. hypersomnia, increased appetite) inindividuals with a vulnerability to seasonal changes. Studies of the structure of SADsymptomatology have been limited in their ability to evaluate these models. This studyused exploratory factor analysis and network analysis to examine baseline winter SADsymptoms (using a modified BDI-II) in 177 adults participating in a randomizedcontrolled trial of light treatment and CBT for SAD (Rohan et al., 2015). The factoranalysis supported a four-factor model that included negative cognition/affect, loss ofvitality, dysregulation, and increases in weight/appetite. The complex network model ofSAD conceptualized the network as a system of interacting symptoms. Results of thenetwork model paralleled those of the factor analysis in producing four communities ofinter-correlated symptoms. In addition to the full symptom network, a directed acyclicgraph was constructed to model causal relations between symptoms. Results suggest thatvegetative symptoms (loss of vitality and appetite/weight) lead ultimately to cognitivesymptoms, with intermediate effects of dysregulation symptoms. This partially supportsthe Dual Vulnerability model. Findings from the factor analysis and the network analysisare compared, and their implications for and treatment of SAD is discussed.
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Title: Witnesses with Disabilities in Court: Differences in Mock Jurors' Perceptions of Credibility Between Disability Groups and Juror Factors Associated with Credibility Perceptions
Creator: Stevenson, Rebekah
Date: 2019
Description: Individuals with disabilities face multiple barriers and vulnerabilities in society, including violent crime victimization at a rate nearly 2...
Show moreIndividuals with disabilities face multiple barriers and vulnerabilities in society, including violent crime victimization at a rate nearly 2-3 higher than that of the general population. Despite these disproportionately higher rates of victimization, crimes committed against individuals with disabilities rarely result in criminal prosecution and conviction. One possible explanation for such a discrepancy is that jurors perceive individuals with disabilities as less credible witnesses than witnesses from the general population.The present study used a modified Credibility Comparisons Questionnaire to identify differences in potential juror perceptions of credibility between specific disability groups, including witnesses with intellectual disability and witnesses with deafness. Additionally, the study aimed to identify juror characteristics that may be associated with credibility perceptions. The survey was administered to 114 potential jurors recruited through SurveyMonkey Audience. The data were analyzed using a one-way within-subjects ANOVA and multiple regression analyses.The results of the study suggest that potential jurors may perceive witnesses with intellectual disability as less credible overall than witnesses with deafness and typical adult witnesses. Additionally, potential jurors may perceive witnesses with deafness as more accurate and less suggestible than witnesses with intellectual disability and typical adult witnesses. These findings highlight the important role rehabilitation psychologists may play in providing education to legal professionals and jurors regarding a witness’ abilities and limitations, as well as providing techniques to help witnesses compensate for specific deficits so that they are not precluded from testifying in court.
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Title: Exploring Growth After Vision Loss
Creator: BANGLE, MELISSA
Date: 2020
Description: Despite recent advances in our knowledge of positive growth following the onset of chronic illness or disability, little to no effort has been...
Show moreDespite recent advances in our knowledge of positive growth following the onset of chronic illness or disability, little to no effort has been made to understand how the phenomenon of growth might be experienced by individuals who are blind or visually impaired. This not only limits our understanding of how growth is experienced, but also our understanding of the experiences associated with vision loss. This qualitative study explores the perspectives and experiences of growth held by 35 adults with acquired disability due to severe vision impairment and blindness. Additionally, participants discussed their views on how growth can be experienced within the context of adjusting to vision loss. Results indicate that some individuals do experience positive psychological growth after vision loss which can lead to positive changes in one’s life. They also demonstrate that the structure of growth after vision loss shares some similarities with existing growth models like the model for Post Traumatic Growth. Results also suggest that growth may be an outcome of becoming well-adjusted to vision loss; although, the nature of the transition from adjustment to growth remains less clear. Specific factors that may facilitate growth are explored and implications for facilitation of successful adjustment and growth in the context of vision rehabilitation are discussed.
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Title: A Network Analysis to Examine the Construct of Acculturative Stress in Mexican Americans
Creator: Mosqueda, Andrea I
Date: 2020
Description: Acculturative stress (AS) is a negative consequence of acculturation and occurs when acculturation is problematic for the individual. There is...
Show moreAcculturative stress (AS) is a negative consequence of acculturation and occurs when acculturation is problematic for the individual. There is a substantial variation in AS phenomena across different cultural/ethnic groups, across individual variables (e.g., sex, age, education, attitude, cognitive style), and across social variables (e.g., contact, social support, status). There does not seem to be one specific way in which AS affects all groups or individuals. Elevated levels of AS are associated with multiple manifest difficulties, including family dysfunction, geographical separation from family, low-income levels, and non-positive expectations for the future. AS has been associated with outcomes such as anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and feelings of isolation and alienation. Using a network analysis approach, this exploratory study examined the structure of the construct of AS as represented in the Social, Attitudinal, Familial, and Environmental (SAFE) AS Scale, a measure used to assess the AS construct across four contexts. Results of the network analysis of AS aspects suggest that the AS construct is best understood as a latent variable rather than as a network of interacting AS aspects, and that distress is related to particular aspects of AS. The present study findings suggest a particular model of relations between latent AS, its manifest aspects, and clinical outcomes. Further research can help to better understand the relationship between individual AS aspects (i.e., treatment targets) and treatment goals of impacting AS-related outcomes (e.g., distress), as well as the mechanisms of change.
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Title: Attitudes of Adults Treated for Depression Toward Technology-Assisted Therapy
Creator: Johnston, Winter D.
Date: 2021
Description: Depression is associated with functional impairment (Saarni et al., 2007), high economic costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Greenberg & Birnbaum,...
Show moreDepression is associated with functional impairment (Saarni et al., 2007), high economic costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Greenberg & Birnbaum, 2005), and loss of quality of life (Rapaport et al., 2005), and has been named a major reason for illness-related disability worldwide (Vos et al., 2013). Barriers to treatment include being physically limited to access services (Apolinario-Hagen et al., 2018), fear of stigmatization, desire to handle the problem on ones’ own, lack of confidence in the healthcare system (Königbauer et al., 2017), lack of motivation to change, and negative perception of psychological and/or drug treatments (Richards et al., 2015). As technological options have advanced and become more reliable, they have become tools to improve access to care and reduce barriers. Clinicians’ attitudes have been studied pertaining to incorporating different technology modalities into traditional therapy; however, client attitudes are less explored. The present study aims to (1) explore client attitudes towards hypothetical technology-assisted interventions, (2) assess the relative preferences for various technology-assisted interventions, (3) identify correlates of the participant’s preference of different technology-assisted interventions, including: (a) attitudes towards technology-assisted therapy, (b) sociodemographic variables, (c) help-seeking variables (seeking health information, use of technology outside therapy, awareness of technology-assisted options for therapy), (d) previous therapy experience (therapeutic approach, helpfulness of therapy, number of previous therapists), and (4) assess if working alliance with participants’ most recent therapist moderated the effect of therapist condition (current/recent or new) on preferences. The technology options in this study are videoconferencing, online therapy, mobile phones, and virtual reality/avatars. Individuals were asked to imagine continuing therapy using these technological options. Participants viewed videos demonstrating how each technology is used in a therapeutic setting and provided their attitudes and preferences afterwards. The participants consisted of adults who currently or in the recent past have received therapy to treat any severity of depression. Overall, participants had a positive attitude towards technology-assisted therapy. Participants’ relative preference for various technology-assisted interventions and their first-choice modality of therapy did not differ by whether the participant was to keep their same therapist or start therapy with a new therapist. A variety of determinants were associated with greater preference towards the different modalities. Lastly, the strength of working alliance did not moderate whether preferences differed based on staying with the participant’s current/most recent therapist or starting with a new therapist. Limitations, strengths, and conclusions are also discussed.
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Title: UNDERSTANDING MARIJUANA USE AS A TREATMENT OPTION FOR PEOPLE WITH EPILEPSY: USE, ATTITUDES, AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Creator: Johnson, Kristina
Date: 2021
Description: Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder worldwide with a heterogeneous range of negative symptoms. Current treatments for epilepsy...
Show moreEpilepsy is the most common neurological disorder worldwide with a heterogeneous range of negative symptoms. Current treatments for epilepsy have side effects that can negatively impact the quality of a person’s life. Alternative treatments are being explored, including marijuana. This study aimed to understand marijuana use in adults with epilepsy across U.S. states. Rates of use, preferred method of use, and reasons to use and not use marijuana were examined. Additionally, levels of comfort discussing marijuana compared to other treatment options and with different types of providers were explored. Lastly, this was one of the first studies to examine the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and marijuana use for people with epilepsy. Participants included 128 individuals with epilepsy from 26 states, with non-legal states having significantly fewer people who reported using marijuana. Smoking was reported as the primary method of use, knowing someone else that uses as their primary reason for using, and health concerns as the primary reason not to use. There was no difference in level of comfort discussing marijuana compared to other treatments, and participants reported feeling most comfortable discussing marijuana with neurologists compared to other providers. Finally, total QOLIE-31 and the social functioning subscale were significantly lower among marijuana users; however, this difference did not remain when anxiety was entered as a covariate. In fact, the relationship between anxiety and QOL was significant, with anxiety accounting for η2 = .12 to η2 = .57 of the variance in QOLIE-31 subscale scores, controlling for marijuana use. Findings from this study further the understanding of marijuana use by people with epilepsy in the United States.
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Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUALS’ PROVISION OF AUTONOMY SUPPORT TO THEIR PARTNERS WITH CHRONIC PAIN: A PATH ANALYSIS MODEL BASED ON SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
Creator: Ivins-Lukse, Melissa N.
Date: 2021
Description: Receiving autonomy support from a relationship partner has been associated with increased physical activity among individuals with chronic...
Show moreReceiving autonomy support from a relationship partner has been associated with increased physical activity among individuals with chronic pain (ICP), but no studies have explored what factors may influence partners’ use of an autonomy supportive interpersonal style with an ICP. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that contextual, perceptual, and individual factors influence how much individuals use an autonomy supportive interpersonal style through the mediators of basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation. The present study used path analysis to test a SDT model of the relationships between a contextual factor (autonomy support from health care provider), a perceptual factor (partner’s perception of ICP motivation for physical activity), an individual factor (partner catastrophizing about ICP’s pain), and the sequential mediators of relationship need satisfaction and autonomous motivation with respect to the dependent variable of partners’ use of an autonomy supportive interpersonal style. 176 partners of ICPs completed a cross-sectional survey including the Health Care Climate Questionnaire, partner-report revised Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale – Significant Other version, Need Satisfaction Scale, Motivation to Help, and Interpersonal Behaviours Questionnaire-Self. The proposed model demonstrated poor fit to the data: χ2 (10) = 31.949, p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.11 (90% CI = .07 to .16, p = 0.01), CFI = 0.81, and SRMR = .10. While the overall model was not supported, most individual pathways in the model were significant. Alternative analyses were conducted to identify a model with acceptable fit.
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Title: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLUGGISH COGNITIVE TEMPO AND PERFORMANCE ON TASKS OF PROCESSING SPEED: INFLUENCE OF DEPRESSION
Creator: Kim, Jeong Hye
Date: 2021
Description: Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is often associated with reported difficulties in various functional areas, including daily activities,...
Show moreSluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is often associated with reported difficulties in various functional areas, including daily activities, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, academic performance, and sleep. However, there are only a handful of research studies on SCT and neurocognitive functioning in adult populations, and the neuropsychological profile of SCT in adults is unclear.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of depression on the relationship between a self-reported measure of SCT and objective measures of SCT in adults by focusing on processing speed performance. The result of this research supports the previous notion that SCT is a novel and independent condition distinct from ADHD, and there are significantly positive relationships between symptoms of SCT and Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity. Furthermore, SCT and depression are also positively associated indicating the people who experience more symptoms of SCT report more symptoms of depression. However, results did not support the hypothesis that SCT significantly contribute to differences in performance on various types of neuropsychological tasks (WAIS PSI, Trail Making Test, and CPT-II Reaction Time) assessing processing speed after controlling for symptoms of ADHD (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and symptoms of depression. It is notable that the significant model beta weights for SCT in the final regression model suggests that the relationship between SCT and processing speed is worthy of additional investigation.
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Title: The Relation Between Executive Functions and Academic Performance in Clinically-Referred Adolescents
Creator: Coultis, Nora Plumb
Date: 2021
Description: The literature on executive functioning (EF) and academic performance has focused on early academic performance in young children (Best et al....
Show moreThe literature on executive functioning (EF) and academic performance has focused on early academic performance in young children (Best et al., 2011). Few studies have assessed the relation between EF abilities and academics in adolescents, which is particularly important because the demand on EF skills greatly increases in middle and high school (Best et al., 2011). Environmental factors, including completing multiple assignments, managing increased independent work, and changing classes, exacerbate the EF burden and reduce cognitive resources (Langberg et al., 2013; Samuels et al., 2016). Academic tasks also become more complex during middle and high school, for example, requiring solving algebraic problems, reading comprehension, and expository writing (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Sesma et al., 2009). Thus, complex academic tasks in adolescence likely require a higher demand on EF abilities compared to academic tasks in early childhood. The extant literature also has several limitations, such as focusing on only a couple of EF or academic domains and using parent- or teacher-report ratings rather than performance measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relation between four domains of EF (i.e., working memory, inhibition, shifting, and planning) and three areas of academic performance (i.e., reading, writing, math) in a sample (N = 87) of clinically-referred middle and high school students. Contrary to expectation, results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the measures of EF did not contribute significant additional variance to scores in reading and writing performance after controlling for IQ. It is notable that the EF variables did contribute a significant amount of additional variance to math scores after controlling for IQ and diagnosis. However, only working memory was significantly associated with math performance. This finding suggests that strategies designed to enhance working memory may be effective in improving math performance in students who are underperforming.
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Title: CITIZENSHIP PRESSURE, JOB STRESS, AND WORK-TO-FAMILY CONFLICT: THE MODERATING ROLE OF FLEXIBILITY IDIOSYNCRATIC DEALS
Creator: Ahmed, Shujaat Farah
Date: 2020
Description: Organizational expectations of employee performance have been expanding over time from traditional core task behaviors to include extra duties...
Show moreOrganizational expectations of employee performance have been expanding over time from traditional core task behaviors to include extra duties which may not be out of volition (Bolino, Turnley, Gilstrap, & Suazo, 2010). However, this extra work comes at a price, as employees are exhausted (Bolino et al., 2010) which can have health implications. Yet, no previous studies have examined the mechanism by which citizenship pressure is related to work interfering with family (WIF) conflict. Consequently, this study investigated an underlying mechanism, job stress, through which citizenship pressure was hypothesized to be related to work-family conflict from the work perspective, i.e., WIF conflict. This study also sought to identify the moderating role of flexibility idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) in the relationship of citizenship pressure with a) job stress, and b) WIF conflict. Data were collected across two waves with a time separation of one month in between waves. A total of 323 workers (mean age = 36.2) across industries in the United States participated in the study. Sixty-three percent identified as women, and 37% were men. Regression analyses were used to test the first three hypotheses. PROCESS was used to test the remainder of the hypotheses. Results for the regressions indicated that citizenship pressure was related at job stress and WIF conflict. Further, job stress was related to WIF conflict. Subsequently, the mediation hypothesis was significant. However, the moderation, and moderated mediation models were not statistically significant. I conducted post-hoc analyses to determine other possible significant paths in the model. The indirect effect of WIF conflict through the citizenship pressure and job stress link was statistically significant, thereby supporting an alternate mediation hypothesis. Perceived flexibility i-deals significantly moderated citizenship pressure and WIF conflict at time 1 only. The implications of this study are: managers should focus on their employees’ stressor experiences, as extra work beyond one’s specified job role is increasingly expected of employees. By doing so, pressure may be reduced through improving perceptions that employees can negotiate flexibility i-deals. This is especially important in an era of scarce resources, as pressure to go the extra mile is linked to a number of negative outcomes, such as increased WIF conflict and job stress.
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Title: Measuring Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Model Fit and Measurement Invariance of a New Assessment Tool
Creator: Hedrick, Laura
Date: 2019
Description: The importance of studying Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) as part of the system of maternal-child perinatal functioning is well established...
Show moreThe importance of studying Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) as part of the system of maternal-child perinatal functioning is well established in the literature, as MFA relates to health-related and psychosocial variables both during pregnancy and after the infant is born (e.g., positive health behaviors in pregnancy; levels of maternal stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms; positive parenting behaviors after the child is born; and secure infant attachment at age one year). Despite the apparent value of studying MFA, there is no acceptable measurement tool for the construct. Existing assessment tools often do not meet minimum psychometric standards, may not be practical for broad research application, and have demonstrated inconsistent results in correlational research. Therefore, a clear need exists for a measurement scale with strong psychometric properties that is based on empirically supported development strategies. The present line of research sought to fill this need. The process of developing a new measurement tool began in a previous study, Hedrick (2015), which used Exploratory Factor Analyses to identify options for a potential measurement scale from subsets of a large pool of items intended to measure MFA. In Hedrick (2015), three options were identified as acceptable, then compared based on ranges of communalities, percentage of variance explained, internal consistency, and performance on two measures of concurrent and discriminant validity. However, these assessments failed to differentiate a single option as most preferable. Therefore, the first aim of present study was to complete the task of differentiating among the working measures to choose a measurement scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to attempt to determine which working measure from the EFA study had the factor structure that fit best in a second sample of participants. The CFA process was not able to differentiate a superior working measure from the options. Therefore, the most theoretically sound of the three was chosen to use as a measurement tool, with some small adjustments made based on the CFA results. To continue to establish the validity of the new questionnaire measure, the second aim of the study was to assess its measurement invariance among different administration methods and populations. The measurement tool was found to be non-invariant in both areas. Specifically, the results of the measurement invariance analyses indicated that the measure should be administered on paper rather than online, would be best applied in research in African American/Black populations than in research with other racial/ethnic groups, and should not be used to compare MFA scores among racial/ethnic groups. Measurement invariance analyses also revealed that the scale was non-invariant at the metric level regarding parity groups. The implications of these findings for further research is discussed.
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Title: MEN, WOMEN, AND LEADERS: THE EFFECT OF GENDER-LEADER CATEGORY CONGRUENCE ON SUPERVISOR EVALUATIONS
Creator: Lauritsen, Matthew William
Date: 2020
Description: Researchers employing Schein’s (1973, 1975) paradigm, ubiquitously conclude that the greater conceptual distance between leaders and women...
Show moreResearchers employing Schein’s (1973, 1975) paradigm, ubiquitously conclude that the greater conceptual distance between leaders and women compared to leaders and men is problematic for women in leadership roles. Six hundred eighty participants were recruited from MTurk to rate men, women, and leaders on agency and communion. Using polynomial regression analysis, the category congruence hypothesis was tested using two theories as interpretive frameworks: implicit leadership theory (ILT) and role congruity theory (RCT). A strict congruence effect was not found for any of the models. The results generally supported ILT, supervisor evaluations were highest when perceived supervisor characteristics exceeded the respondents’ leader category expectations. The results did not support RCT’s hypothesis about the negative effects of incongruence of women and leader category. Supervisor evaluations were highest when respondents held traditional gender stereotypes, not when they were congruent with the leader prototype. However, a general incongruence effect was found between male communion stereotypes and leader communion stereotypes leading to lower evaluations for male supervisors. That is, for men supervisors, the highest ratings were associated with high communion ratings of both men and leader categories. The results of this study are further discussed in relation to gender-leader category congruence and leadership.
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Title: The Role of Ethnic Similarity, Perceived Communication Style Deviation, and Cultural Intelligence in Leader-Member Exchange and Trust
Creator: Polyashuk, Yelena
Date: 2019
Description: This study examined those factors that contribute to a better working relationship between a leader and a subordinate or make that working...
Show moreThis study examined those factors that contribute to a better working relationship between a leader and a subordinate or make that working relationship challenging. Specifically, we investigated the effect of ethnic configuration within the leader-subordinate dyad and perceived dissimilarity on Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and trust. Communication style deviation was tested as a mediator between actual, as well as perceived dissimilarity and relational outcomes. Cultural Intelligence (CQ) was included as a moderator, the presence of which could ameliorate the negative impact of dissimilarity on LMX and trust. In order to test these predictions, a survey was administered to 614 participants. Participants were working students at an urban, Midwestern, public university. Results showed that in presence of low CQ among respondents, there was a negative impact of ethnic dissimilarity on LMX. However, no impact of ethnic similarity/dissimilarity on trust was found. Specific dyad composition of the leader-subordinate dyad had no significant impact on LMX or trust. Finally, communication style deviation partially mediated the relationship between perceived dissimilarity and the two outcome variables of LMX and trust. These findings revealed that in order to build a high-quality relationship within an ethnically diverse leader-subordinate dyad, both CQ and alignment in communication style are of consequence.
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Title: Development of a Job Attitudes Composite for Measuring Employee Engagement
Creator: Vallejo, Rodney Scott
Date: 2019
Description: The measurement of employee engagement is important for researchers and practitioners given its relation to positive work outcomes and...
Show moreThe measurement of employee engagement is important for researchers and practitioners given its relation to positive work outcomes and importance to company success. Although numerous measures of employee engagement have been established, they lack depth and fall short in potentially explaining why an employee may or may not be engaged in the workplace. The current study aimed to provide an alternative way of measuring employee engagement at a finer level by utilizing job attitudes and a composite approach. Specifically, job attitudes from an employee survey instrument that were identified as antecedents to employee engagement were organized into a composite and relationships with employee engagement and employee turnover were tested. Results showed a both relationship between a composite of job attitudes and employee engagement and utility of the composite by predicting employee turnover.
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Title: DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ADHD: CLINICIAN CHARACTERISTICS, METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS, DIAGNOSTIC RATES, AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
Creator: Haak, Christopher Luke
Date: 2019
Description: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the top five most common referrals among all neuropsychologists (Sweet et al. 2015)...
Show moreAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the top five most common referrals among all neuropsychologists (Sweet et al. 2015) and continues to elicit public and professional concern about over-diagnosis in children (Sciutto & Eisenberg, 2007) and under-diagnosis in adults (Asheron et al., 2012; Kooji et al., 2010). In recent years, the prevalence of ADHD has increased (Polanczyk et al., 2007 & 2014, Thomas et al., 2015). It is unclear what is driving these changes though changes in criteria may be playing a role (van de Voort et al., 2014). Further, there has been little research on whether professional training, beliefs, and practice factors can influence the likelihood to diagnose ADHD. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which neuropsychologists’ professional characteristics, training, and beliefs about ADHD diagnosis and treatment influence their likelihood to diagnose ADHD. The study also evaluated whether there are differences in assessing and treating ADHD based upon the client population focus (child, lifespan, or adult) of neuropsychologists. Participants in this study were 106 neuropsychologists from across the United States and Canada who were recruited through neuropsychology listservs to participate in an online survey. Results indicated that population focus was associated with significant differences in approach to diagnosing and treating ADHD, with child- and lifespan-focused neuropsychologists reporting higher rates of ADHD diagnosis. Additionally, having a higher percent of clinical cases in which ADHD is a referral question and greater self-reported adherence to following full diagnostic criteria for making a diagnosis were associated with higher ADHD diagnostic rates, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and other professional characteristics. This study is among the first to examine specific clinician factors impacting diagnostic rates and its findings have several implications for practice and research.
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Title: Testing a pilot intervention aiming to increase transgender allyship among future healthcare providers
Creator: Yoder, Wren
Date: 2021
Description: Transgender individuals often experience poor health outcomes related to a lack of provider knowledge and comfort around transgender issues. ...
Show moreTransgender individuals often experience poor health outcomes related to a lack of provider knowledge and comfort around transgender issues. Ally identity development and cultural humility theories have been used to develop interventions shown to improve attitudes, knowledge, and skills related to being an ally to the transgender community. Additionally, healthcare providers have reported a desire for online tools related to transgender healthcare, and online interventions can be more cost effective than traditional in-person trainings. The current study developed an hour-long online intervention composed of six activities aiming to increase attitudes, knowledge, skills, and identification as an ally to the transgender community. Tests were conducted to assess whether these domains increased significantly from baseline to post in the intervention condition compared to the control condition and whether the increase was maintained at 2-week follow up. The sample included cisgender (i.e., male or female) students studying a subject related to healthcare recruited online through Prolific (N = 78). Results indicated that knowledge and skills increased significantly from baseline to post in the intervention condition compared to the control condition, and increases were maintained at 2-week follow up. However, this was not the case for attitudes and identity. These findings largely replicate existing research on knowledge about transgender individuals and provide new insights into skills, attitudes, and identity related to transgender allyship. Findings can inform future research on transgender allyship intervention design and allyship theory as well as support improvements in clinical practice and policy related to transgender healthcare services.
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Title: Leader Identity Claiming and Granting Process: The Role of Gender on Perceptions of Leadership
Creator: Standish, Melanie P.
Date: 2023
Description: Ely, Ibarra, and Kolb (2011) theorize that the leader identity work among women is an area of work wherein subtle gender bias is pervasive and...
Show moreEly, Ibarra, and Kolb (2011) theorize that the leader identity work among women is an area of work wherein subtle gender bias is pervasive and impacting women’s advancement in the workplace. Interferences with the leader identity development process not only impact how a woman views herself as a leader, but how others collectively come to endorse her as a leader. Simply observing an individual claiming leadership and having that leadership be granted by someone else is known to influence how an observer classifies an individual as a leader or a non-leader. This study examines how the gender of an individual claiming leadership impacts external perceptions of how leader-like they are to others, when they are granted vs. not granted leadership. To examine this gap, this study uses an experimental vignette methodology to explore the impact of gender on leadership perceptions, during a claiming and granting process. Specifically, this work examines the mediating roles of competence and likability, as potential drivers through which differences may occur. Though women today are evaluated as equally competent as their male counterparts, engaging in dominant, agentic, behaviors, may make them less likable, and rated less leader-like as a result. The results of this study did not find an interaction between gender and granting, on perceived likability. The results did replicate existing findings that claiming leadership is not enough to be relationally recognized as a leader, and that granting from others plays an important role in how competent, and subsequently leader-like, an individual is perceived to be.
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Title: Understanding the Impact of Age and Gender Demographic Similarity in Assessment Center and Individual Assessment Ratings
Creator: Levin, Kelly
Date: 2023
Description: Organizations have become increasingly reliant on the use of assessment centers and individual assessments when making hiring decisions....
Show moreOrganizations have become increasingly reliant on the use of assessment centers and individual assessments when making hiring decisions. However, there has been relatively limited research on the prevalence of subgroup differences with the use of these tools. As such, this study investigated the individual characteristics of gender and age in both assessment centers and individual assessments. Specifically, the study examined how candidate gender and age, as well as the dyadic “match” between assessor-assessee gender and age impacted assessors’ hiring recommendations. Results from this research partially supported the hypothesized outcomes. Both female and younger candidates were rated more favorably on the overall assessment center recommendation. However, neither candidate gender or age had a significant impact on individual assessment recommendations. Further, demographic similarity had little effect on overall recommendations in both ACs and individual assessments. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Title: How Does Self-Stigma Influence Functionality in People with Serious Mental Illness? A Multiple Mediation Model of "Why-Try" Effect, Coping Resources, and Personal Recovery
Creator: Qin, Sang
Date: 2022
Description: People with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a...
Show morePeople with serious mental illness (SMI) face self-stigma effects that often undermine their functionality. Functionality herein refers to a person's execution of tasks (i.e., activities) and engagement in life situations (i.e., participation). This study used a path model to examine three mediating factors between self-stigma and functionality: The "why-try" effect, coping resources, and personal recovery. Specifically, the “why-try” effect was viewed as an extension of self-stigma harm that occurred when people suffered from a loss of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Coping resources were conceptualized as individuals’ strengths and the support they had to overcome negative stigma outcomes, particularly stigma stress. Endorsement of personal recovery, namely pursuing self-defined life goals despite illness—had a buffering effect reducing self-stigma. These three mediators were examined simultaneously using an archival dataset. Due to poor internal consistency, coping resources were eventually removed from the model; the subsequent, revised model achieved a good model fit. Results showed that people with SMI experiencing self-stigma were found to have an enhanced "why-try" effect as well as reduced personal recovery, leading to a decline in functionality. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.
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