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THE ROLE OF THE BAXΔ2 C-TERMINAL STRUCTURE IN CASPASE-8- MEDIATED CELL DEATH OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA CELLS
Title
THE ROLE OF THE BAXΔ2 C-TERMINAL STRUCTURE IN CASPASE-8- MEDIATED CELL DEATH OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA CELLS
Creator
Nelson, Adam
Date
2018, 2018-05
Description
BaxΔ2 is an isoform of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax that promotes cell death via caspase-8 activation. The C-terminus of BaxΔ2 has...
Show moreBaxΔ2 is an isoform of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax that promotes cell death via caspase-8 activation. The C-terminus of BaxΔ2 has been shown to be crucial for caspase-8 dependent cell death in colon cancer cells. However, it is unknown whether the C-terminal primary sequence or secondary structure is necessary for interaction with caspase-8. In this project, several BaxΔ2 C-terminal mutants were generated based on secondary structure predictions. Models showed that mutating Leu164 and Thr165 to Ala (LT-AA) would increase the probability of alpha helix formation, while mutating Leu164 to Pro (L-P) would decrease the probability of alpha helix formation. Expression of these mutant proteins in colon cancer HCT116 cells, showed that L164P, and not L164A/T165A, significantly impaired BaxΔ2 function. The mutant L164P proteins formed atypical aggregates, and their ability to induce cell death was also significantly decreased when compared to the wild type. These results indicate that the BaxΔ2 C-terminal tridimensional structure, and not the specific primary sequence, is critical for triggering aggregation-mediated cell death.
M.S. in Biology, May 2018
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BAXΔ2: FROM FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS TO CANCER CORRELATION
Title
BAXΔ2: FROM FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS TO CANCER CORRELATION
Creator
MaÑas NÚÑez, Adriana
Date
2018, 2018-05
Description
BaxΔ2 is a functional pro-apoptotic Bax isoform, originally identified in cancer patients with microsatellite instability. Here we performed...
Show moreBaxΔ2 is a functional pro-apoptotic Bax isoform, originally identified in cancer patients with microsatellite instability. Here we performed an extensive study on BaxΔ2, covering the structure-function relationship, the clinical potential, and the human tissue expression profile. Unlike Baxa, BaxΔ2 forms aggregates and triggers non-mitochondrial cell death through caspase 8. However, the functional domain(s) responsible for BaxΔ2 unique behavior were elusive. Here we show that disruption of helix α1 makes Baxα mimic BaxΔ2, but other alterations in the N-terminus have no significant impact. We found that the core region is key for aggregation, but is not sufficient to trigger cell death. The Cterminal helical conformation, not its primary sequence, appears to be critical for caspase 8 activation. As BaxΔ2 shares core and C-terminal with most Bax isoforms, our results indicate an intrinsic potential for aggregate-mediated caspase 8-dependent cell death in other Bax family members. BaxΔ2 has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy, but it is a very unstable protein. Therefore, we screened a panel of proteasome inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells with different Bax statuses. We found that proteasome inhibitors can block BaxΔ2 degradation without affecting the levels of Baxa or Bcl-2. Among the inhibitors tested, bortezomib and carfilzomib were able to induce significantly higher cell death in BaxΔ2-positive cells than in cells with Baxa or no Bax. Furthermore, bortezomib-induced cell death in BaxΔ2-positive cells was predominantly dependent on the caspase 8/3 pathway. These results suggest that BaxΔ2 can selectively sensitize cancer cells to proteasome inhibitors. As many cancers have microsatellite mutations, we screened BaxΔ2 protein expression in 1090 samples of tumor and healthy tissues from several organs. We found that BaxΔ2 is expressed in 1% to 5% of cells in most organs, predominantly in healthy tissues. Production of BaxΔ2 requires a guanine deletion in the microsatellite region, but the great majority of BaxΔ2-positive tissues contained no mutation at genomic or transcript levels. Therefore, we tested Programed Ribosomal Frameshift (PRF) as a possible BaxΔ2 expression mechanism, using a double tagged construct with no mutation. We found that, though rare, PRF can lead to expression of BaxΔ2. In conclusion, BaxΔ2 can be expressed without a genetic mutation. In conclusion, BaxΔ2 is a unique isoform whose expression is the product of the extreme plasticity of the Bax gene and the biochemical circumstances in the cell. As an example of non-traditional expression, it opens the door to a whole new proteome expressed by alternative mechanisms both under physiological and pathological conditions.
Ph.D. in Biology, May 2018
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IDENTIFICATION OF BAX∆2 FRAMESHIFTING REGION VIA DUAL LUCIFERASE ANALYSIS
Title
IDENTIFICATION OF BAX∆2 FRAMESHIFTING REGION VIA DUAL LUCIFERASE ANALYSIS
Creator
Reiner, Katherine
Date
2020
Description
The antitumor protein Bax is susceptible to microsatellite instability (MSI) mutations that alter its open reading frame by changing Baxs’...
Show moreThe antitumor protein Bax is susceptible to microsatellite instability (MSI) mutations that alter its open reading frame by changing Baxs’ microsatellite of eight guanines (G8) to seven guanines (G7). This mutation results in a frameshift that is corrected by alternative splicing, making Bax∆2. Evidence shows that non-MSI mutated full length Bax∆2 (Bax∆2 G8) can be found in tissue. However, the extra guanine in Bax∆2 should result in premature termination of protein synthesis. Therefore, we believe that Bax∆2 is capable of +1 frameshifting to correct the out of frame sequence caused by splicing. The dual luciferase assay system is a useful tool for measuring frameshifting and in this study, we cloned full length Bax∆2 G8 into a dual luciferase vector to analyze frameshifting. Using this method, we found that the full length Bax∆2 G8 sequence has 3.5% frameshifting activity. To further determine whether the frameshifting occurs in or near the G8 microsatellite, we focused on several truncated constructs containing the first three exons. The results from dual luciferase assay showed that frameshifting activity was high in the constructs containing the G8 microsatellite but diminished when the G8 microsatellite region was removed. Surprisingly, constructs containing exon 4 and 5, which are away from the predicted frameshifting region, also showed frameshifting activity. One possibility to explain these results is that mRNA structures, which are critical to frameshifting, could be altered by construct truncation and consequently lead to artificial frameshifting. Thus, using truncated constructs may not be a viable option for testing frameshifting activity. To maintain mRNA integrity, point mutations within the full sequence, could be a better option to identify the frameshifting site.
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